{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:40:10Z","timestamp":1788212410258,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC\u20102015\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC\u20102015\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA) market is transnational, and the availability of individual SCRAs changes regularly in response to national and international legislative controls. This generates a cyclic pattern and near constant evolution of SCRA compounds. This study reports toxicology\u2010based and\/or seized sample\u2010based prevalence data relating to SCRA use in prisons from Germany, the United Kingdom (UK; Scotland and Wales), and the United States (US), representing 4427 individual test results. The study examines SCRA detections in prisons from July 2018 to September 2020, and where possible, prison\u2010based data are compared with SCRA prevalence data in the wider population. The relative influence of Chinese, other international, and national drug legislation on the prevalence of individual SCRAs in prisons is also considered. <jats:italic>tert<\/jats:italic>\u2010Leucinate\u2010 and valinate\u2010indole\u2010 and indazole\u20103\u2010carboxamides were the most common SCRA detections, and MDMB\u20104en\u2010PINACA was one of the most commonly detected SCRAs in all jurisdictions by September 2020. However, despite there being a global production and supply market, there were notable regional differences. Analog controls in German and US legislation may have led to increased compound diversity that is not reflected in the UK which has both analog controls and a blanket ban on psychoactive substances. While there were regional differences, SCRA prevalence in prisons closely aligned with the SCRAs detected on the local market, demonstrating that SCRA (and possibly other NPS) monitoring programs in prisons can act as early warning systems for the wider population in that given jurisdiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T08:23:07Z","timestamp":1611044587000},"page":"841-852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["A transnational perspective on the evolution of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists market: Comparing prison and general populations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2322-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlyn","family":"Norman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Halter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Hermann Staudinger Graduate School University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2954-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belal","family":"Haschimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Hermann Staudinger Graduate School University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Acreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances Project, Public Health  Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josie","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances Project, Public Health  Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex J.","family":"Krotulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education Fredric Rieders Family Foundation  Willow Grove Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.A.","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education Fredric Rieders Family Foundation  Willow Grove Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry K.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Science Research and Education Fredric Rieders Family Foundation  Willow Grove Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"NMS Labs  Horsham Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9338-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niamh","family":"NicDa\u00e9id","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Auw\u00e4rter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2018_143"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Post\u2010mortem toxicology: a systematic review of death cases involving synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists","volume":"11","author":"Giorgetti A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"New Psychoactive Substances in Prison: Results From an EMCDDA 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[Notification of 5F\u2010EMB\u2010PICA in Europe.] EU\u2010EWS\u2010RCS\u2010FN\u20102020\u20100020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).EMCDDA Initial Report on the New Psychoactive Substance methyl 2\u2010({[1\u2010(4\u2010fluorobutyl)\u20101H\u2010indol\u20103\u2010yl]carbonyl}amino)\u20103 3\u2010dimethylbutanoate (4F\u2010MDMB\u2010BICA). 2020.https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/13362\/emcdda-initial-report-4F-MDMB-BICA.pdfAccessed November 23 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).EMCDDA Technical Report on the New Psychoactive Substance methyl 2\u2010{[1\u2010(4\u2010fluorobutyl)\u20101H\u2010indole\u20103\u2010carbonyl]amino}\u20103 3\u2010dimethylbutanoate (4F\u2010MDMB\u2010BICA). 2020.https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/13477\/TR-4F-MDMB-BICA_Advanced-release.pdfAccessed January 12 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","unstructured":"UK Home Office.Review of the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. 2018.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/review-of-the-psychoactive-substances-act-2016Accessed June 30 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","unstructured":"United Kingdom Government.The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971(Amendment) (England Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2016 (S.I. 2016\/1109).http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2016\/1109\/pdfs\/uksiem_20161109_en.pdfAccessed November 23 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).October 2015 \u2010 China: China announces controls over 116 new psychoactive substances.https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/Announcement\/Details\/83b02e73-4896-4ed5-944c-51a7646647aaAccessed May 18 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).November 2018 \u2010 UNODC: Commission on narcotic drugs decision on international control of 4\u2010fluoramphetamine (4\u2010FA) AB\u2010PINACA AB\u2010CHMINACA 5F\u2010PB\u201022 UR\u2010144 and 5F\u2010MDMB\u2010PINACA (5F\u2010ADB) enters into force.https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/Announcement\/Details\/2a0dd30f-c322-4f89-bd4d-90a0e5196314Accessed October 26 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).Inclusion of 5F\u2010APINACA (5F\u2010AKB\u201048) in Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971.https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/commissions\/CND\/CND_Sessions\/CND_60\/CNDdec_2017\/Decision_60_10_60CND.pdfAccessed October 26 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2786"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2942"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa065"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","unstructured":"Pennsylvania Deparment of Corrections.Drug interdiction performance 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