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Because elevated endogenous organic acid concentrations have been found in the urine of patients with succinic semialdehyde deficiency (leading to accumulation of GHB in human specimens) and after GHB ingestion, we searched for an alternative way to prove GHB administration via detection of elevated organic acid concentrations in blood plasma and urine. We collected blood and urine samples from narcolepsy patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095) treated with pharmaceuticals containing GHB sodium salt (1.86\u20133.72\u2009g GHB as free acid per dose). Although GHB was detectable only up to 4\u00a0h in concentrations greater than the commonly used cutoff levels in blood plasma, 3,4\u2010dihydroxybutyric acid (3,4\u2010DHB) could be detected up to 12\u2009h in blood plasma in concentrations exceeding initial concentrations of the same patient before GHB ingestion. Furthermore, four of the five patients showed an increase above endogenous levels described in the scientific literature. In urine, GHB concentrations above commonly used cutoff levels could be observed 4.5\u20139.5\u00a0h after GHB intake. Creatinine standardized initial concentrations were reached again for glycolic acid (GA), 3,4\u2010DHB, and 2,4\u2010dihydroxybutyric (2,4\u2010DHB) acid at 6.5\u201322, 11.5\u201322, and 8.5\u201370\u2009h after GHB intake, respectively. Therefore, 2,4\u2010DHB, 3,4\u2010DHB, and GA are promising and should be further investigated as potential biomarkers to prolong the detection window of GHB intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T21:50:10Z","timestamp":1621029010000},"page":"1635-1649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Detection of \u03b3\u2010hydroxybutyric acid\u2010related acids in blood plasma and urine: Extending the detection window of an exogenous \u03b3\u2010hydroxybutyric acid intake?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8382-5678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"K\u00fcting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Heidbreder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University Innsbruck University Hospital for Neurology  Innsbruck Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1578-9860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pouria","family":"Jarsiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Mainz  Mainz Germany"},{"name":"Special Laboratory, Medical Care Centers Dr. Eberhard &amp; Partner  Dortmund Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Burkhard","family":"Madea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8405-4417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelius","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Mainz  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2001207a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(70)90087-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10670.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(96)00916-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)01334-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)34899-2","article-title":"\u03b3\u2010Hydroxybutyrate modulates synthesis and extracellular concentration of \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid in discrete rat brain regions in vivo","volume":"290","author":"Gobaille S","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)36673-X","article-title":"\u03b3\u2010Hydroxybutyrate conversion into GABA induces displacement of GABAB binding that is blocked by valproate and ethosuximide","volume":"281","author":"Hechler V","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"821","article-title":"Gamma hydroxybutyric acid: clinical pharmacology and current status","volume":"61","author":"Vickers MD","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"549","article-title":"Use of sodium 4\u2010hydroxybutyrate in anesthesia and resuscitation","volume":"1","author":"Laborit H","year":"1960","journal-title":"Agressologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60237-2"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"4654","article-title":"Clinical applications of sodium oxybate (GHB): from narcolepsy to alcohol withdrawal syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Busard\u00f2 FP","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Gamma\u2010hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a new drug of misuse","volume":"91","author":"Williams H","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.14.4.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.1998.00603.x"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"Knock\u2010out drugs: their prevalence, modes of action, and means of detection","volume":"106","author":"Madea B","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.07.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196411000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.112.078154"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15523J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.12.044"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"425","article-title":"Involvement of drugs in sexual assault","volume":"45","author":"Slaughter L","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","unstructured":"OlszewskiD.Sexual assaults facilitated by drugs or alcohol. 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