{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:53:32Z","timestamp":1788915212908,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both the increasing number and diversity of illicit\u2010drug seizures complicate forensic drug identification. Traditionally, colorimetric tests are performed on\u2010site, followed by transport to a laboratory for confirmatory analysis. Higher caseloads increase laboratory workload and associated transport and chain\u2010of\u2010evidence assurance performed by police officers. Colorimetric tests are specific only for a small set of drugs. The rise of new psychoactive substances therefore introduces risks for erroneous results. Near\u2010infrared (NIR)\u2010based analyzers may overcome these encumbrances by their compound\u2010specific spectral selectivity and broad applicability. This work introduces a portable NIR analyzer that combines a broad wavelength range (1300\u20132600\u2009nm) with a chemometric model developed specifically for forensic samples. The application requires only a limited set of reference spectra for time\u2010efficient model training. This calibration\u2010light approach thus eliminates the need of extensive training sets including mixtures. Performance was demonstrated with 520 casework samples resulting in a 99.6% true negative and 97.6% true positive rate for cocaine. Similar results were obtained for MDMA, methamphetamine, ketamine, and heroin. Additionally, 236 samples were analyzed by scanning directly through their plastic packaging. Also here, a &gt;97% true positive rate was obtained. This allows for non\u2010invasive, operator\u2010safe chemical identification of potentially potent drugs of abuse. Our results demonstrate the applicability for multiple drug\u2010related substances. Ideally, the combination of this NIR approach with other portable techniques, such as Raman and IR spectroscopy and electrochemical tests, may eventually eliminate the need for subsequent laboratory analysis; therefore, saving tremendous resources in the overall forensic process of confirmatory illicit drug identification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,30]],"date-time":"2022-01-30T23:29:13Z","timestamp":1643585353000},"page":"1089-1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A calibration friendly approach to identify drugs of abuse mixtures with a portable near\u2010infrared analyzer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1472-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben F.","family":"Kranenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Laboratory Dutch National Police, Unit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk\u2010Jan","family":"Ramaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TIPb  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Sap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Customs Laboratory  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5392-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arian C.","family":"van Asten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC)  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Drug Report.2020.United Nations: world drug report 2020.https:\/\/wdr.unodc.org\/wdr2020\/en\/index.html. 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