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Benzodiazepines are currently one of the most common drugs detected in individuals leaving Scottish prisons; however, understanding illicit benzodiazepine use within prisons and assessing the potential harm to individuals is challenging due to the lack of available analytical data on the substances circulating. Increasingly, materials, such as paper and clothing, infused with novel benzodiazepines have been identified as a smuggling route into Scottish prisons. Methods were developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of benzodiazepines using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) and applied to 495 seized samples from 11 Scottish prisons, including papers, cards, blotters, powders, tablets, and clothing. Evolution in the benzodiazepines being detected was demonstrated, with etizolam being the most prevalent throughout 2020\/2021 following which flubromazepam and bromazolam detections increased. Additionally, significant changes in the smuggling methods and drug formats detected occurred over time following policy changes within prisons. These data represent the first reported widescale etizolam quantitation data and demonstrate high levels of variability across all sample types, most notably within tablets (0.34\u20132.33\u2009mg per tablet). Additionally, concentration mapping of a whole seized card sample revealed the total concentration of drug present (312.5\u00a0mg) and demonstrated variability across the surface of the card (1.16\u20131.87\u2009mg\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). These data highlight the challenges of consistent dosing for individuals and the high risks of unintentional overdose. Increased understanding of the challenge of such drug smuggling and benzodiazepine use will aid in the development of strategies to reduce supply and mitigate harm.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T17:27:43Z","timestamp":1692552463000},"page":"457-472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Changing trends in novel benzodiazepine use within Scottish prisons: detection, quantitation, prevalence, and modes of use"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6265-5256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Marland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6330-830X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Brandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Protection Unit Scottish Prison Service  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Cruickshanks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Protection Unit Scottish Prison Service  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7244-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"},{"name":"Chiron AS  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2322-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlyn","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9338-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niamh","family":"Nic Da\u00e9id","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8250-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herve","family":"Menard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, School of Science and Engineering University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.79879"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 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