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The aim of this study was to determine the SC prevalence in these programs by analyzing hair samples collected between March 2020 and March 2021 from various regions in Germany, mainly Bavaria (40%). Specimens were analyzed quantitatively for drugs of abuse and qualitatively for 107 SCs. Hair samples were screened by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS), and to search for unknown SC analogs, positive samples were additionally screened by liquid chromatography\u2010high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (LC\u2010qTOF\/MS). The analysis of 5097 hair samples resulted in 181 SC detections (3.6%), showing a wide range of 44 SCs, with up to 13 different compounds found in a single sample. The most prevalent compounds were 5F\u2010MDMB\u2010PICA and MDMB\u20104en\u2010PINACA; furthermore, 10 new substances not initially covered by LC\u2013MS\/MS analysis were detected by LC\u2010qTOF\/MS. The SC positivity rate was comparable to cocaine (5.4%) and amphetamine (2.6%). Only in 35 cases (0.7%), SC analysis was requested by the clients, highlighting the insufficient coverage of SC consumption in the studied collective. In summary, hair sample analysis proved to be a valuable tool to monitor the use of SCs. In order to keep pace with newly emerging SC analogs, an up\u2010to\u2010date analytical method is essential. Prospectively, SCs should be more routinely screened in hair analysis for abstinence control to avoid cannabis substitution by SCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T02:08:00Z","timestamp":1695262080000},"page":"518-531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Synthetic cannabinoids in hair\u2014Prevalence of use in abstinence control programs for driver's license regranting in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8693-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Kutzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology &amp; Drug Analysis SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH  Weiden Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Postgraduate Course for Toxicology and Environmental Toxicology, Institute for Legal Medicine University of Leipzig  Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldo Eliano","family":"Polettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology &amp; Drug Analysis SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH  Weiden Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostics &amp; Public Health University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergej","family":"Bleicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology &amp; Drug Analysis SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH  Weiden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Sauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology &amp; Drug Analysis SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH  Weiden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Schultis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology &amp; Drug Analysis SYNLAB MVZ Weiden GmbH  Weiden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3826-2327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merja A.","family":"Neukamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1883-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Volker","family":"Auw\u00e4rter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wfs2.1450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1558"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.57.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3768\/rtipress.2011.op.0007.1111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004\u2010018\u20100043\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.New psychoactive substances: 25 years of early warning and response in Europe: an update from the EU Early Warning System.Publications Office;2022. 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