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Much of the research in this domain of clinical and laboratory medicine arose from clinics and laboratories in Sweden, as exemplified by carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and phosphatidylethanol (PEth). Extensive studies of other alcohol biomarkers, such  as ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), and 5\u2010hydroxytryptophol (5\u2010HTOL), also derive from Sweden. The most obvious test of recent drinking is identification of ethanol in a sample of the person's blood, breath, or urine. However, because of continuous metabolism in the liver, ethanol is eliminated from the blood at a rate of 0.15\u2009g\/L\/h (range 0.1\u20130.3\u00a0g\/L\/h), so obtaining positive results is not always possible. The widow of detection is increased by analysis of ethanol's non\u2010oxidative metabolites (EtG and EtS), which are more slowly eliminated from the bloodstream. Likewise, an elevated ratio of serotonin metabolites in urine (5\u2010HTOL\/5\u2010HIAA) can help to disclose recent drinking after ethanol is no longer measurable in body fluids. A highly specific biomarker of hazardous drinking is CDT, a serum glycoprotein (transferrin), with a deficiency in its N\u2010linked glycosylation. Another widely acclaimed biomarker is PEth, an abnormal phospholipid synthesized in cell membranes when people drink excessively, having a long elimination half\u2010life (median ~6\u00a0days) during abstinence. Research on the subject of alcohol biomarkers has increased appreciably and is now an important area of drug testing and analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T19:38:04Z","timestamp":1697053084000},"page":"570-587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Brief history of the alcohol biomarkers CDT, EtG, EtS, 5\u2010HTOL, and PEth"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9558-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan Wayne","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Link\u00f6ping  Link\u00f6ping 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