{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:54:21Z","timestamp":1790013261193,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The continued prevalence of xylazine in the illicit drug market has necessitated development of quick and simple methods for identification, including lateral flow immunoassays (also known as \u201ctest strips\u201d), like those frequently used to detect fentanyl. This study explored the drug checking applicability of the first publicly available xylazine test strips (XTS) using four sub\u2010studies: reproducibility (i.e., consistency of positive results in a highly\u2010concentrated xylazine solution); limit of detection on a calibration curve of xylazine concentrations; cross\u2010reactivity against 77 commonly encountered drugs, cutting agents, and other structurally similar compounds; and applicability for analyzing community\u2010acquired samples\u2014where 100 drug residue samples were analyzed using XTS, direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART\u2010MS), and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS\/MS). XTS consistently detected xylazine at concentrations \u22652.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, and XTS results were reproducible. Sensitivity and specificity of XTS were calculated by comparing expected versus obtained results based on xylazine concentration of community\u2010acquired samples measured by GC\u2010MS\/MS. XTS consistently detected xylazine in samples with concentration &gt;2\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml and yielded a sensitivity of 0.974, specificity of 1.00, and overall accuracy of 0.986. Cross\u2010reactivity with lidocaine, a common cutting agent, and lack of XTS reactivity with other \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010agonists found in the illicit drug supply highlight the need to offer consumers comprehensive drug checking services that identify a range of substances and better inform them about drug contents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T21:10:52Z","timestamp":1701637852000},"page":"942-947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Understanding sensitivity and cross\u2010reactivity of xylazine lateral flow immunoassay test strips for drug checking applications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-1910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Sisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle F.","family":"Nestadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline B.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Sciences George Washington University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae A.","family":"Elkasabany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saba","family":"Rouhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology New York University School of Global Public Health  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan G.","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration.Xylazine. Accessed February 21 2023 https:\/\/www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/drug_chem_info\/Xylazine.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Biden\u2013Harris administration designates fentanyl combined with xylazine as an emerging threat to the United States.2023. Accessed May 2 2023.https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/ondcp\/briefing-room\/2023\/04\/12\/biden-harris-administration-designates-fentanyl-combined-with-xylazine-as-an-emerging-threat-to-the-united-states\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"Maryland Xylazine Workgroup.Xylazine in Maryland: an initial report of the Maryland Xylazine Workgroup 2022.2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524\u2010011\u20109662\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2022.100074"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"KrotulskiAJ ShinefeldJ DeBordJ Teixeira da SilvaD LoganBK.Evaluation of Xylazine Test Strips (BTNX) for drug checking purposes2023. Accessed May 19 2023.https:\/\/www.cfsre.org\/images\/content\/reports\/drug_checking\/Evaluation_of_BTNX_Xylazine_Test_Strips_for_Drug_Checking_230322.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"BTNX Inc.Xylazine test strip instructionshttps:\/\/www.btnx.com\/files\/HarmReduction\/Instructions%20(EN)%20H10110397901-XYL-18S2-100%20&%2010.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00478-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2023.100489"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"CFSRE NPS Discovery Department of Public Health City of Philadelphia.Quarterly report\u2014Philadelphia PA: drug checking Q3 2022.2022.https:\/\/www.cfsre.org\/images\/content\/reports\/drug_checking\/2022_Q3_Drug_Checking_Quarterly_Report_Philadelphia.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"HutchisonA KieltyC.Xylazine: a frank scope of \u2018tranq\u2010dope\u2019.Substance Drug Checkingblog.https:\/\/substance.uvic.ca\/blog\/xylazine\/.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.13968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.221028"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.3612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:30:35Z","timestamp":1760362235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.3612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.3612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3612","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2023-znb8j-v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2023-znb8j","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}