{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:38:31Z","timestamp":1792600711873,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IZSEZ0_188514\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZSEZ0_188514\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Major public health concern is raised by the evidence that common drugs like heroin are now frequently laced or replaced with highly potent novel synthetic opioids (NSOs). The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence and patterns of NSOs in a cohort of Swiss opioid users by hair analysis. Hair analysis is considered an ideal tool for retrospective consumption monitoring. Hair samples from 439 opioid users in Zurich were analyzed. Study inclusion required a previous positive hair test result for heroin metabolites, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, or tramadol. The samples were extracted with a two\u2010step extraction procedure, followed by a targeted LC\u2013MS\/MS (QTRAP\u00ae 6500+) analysis in multiple reaction monitoring mode for a total of 25 NSOs. The method underwent full validation and demonstrated good selectivity and sensitivity with limits of detection (LOD) as low as 0.1\u00a0pg\/mg. The analyzed sample cohort demonstrated a positivity rate for NSOs of 2.5%, including the following NSOs: butyrylfentanyl, acrylfentanyl, furanylfentanyl, methoxyacetylfentanyl, ocfentanil, U\u201047700, isobutyrylfentanyl and benzylfentanyl. Furthermore, we were able to identify specific consumption patterns among drug users. The results indicate that hair analysis is a valuable tool for investigating the prevalence of NSOs in drug\u2010using populations, which seems to be low in the case of Swiss opioid users. Nevertheless, the results highlight the need for sensitive analytical detection methods in forensic toxicology to identify and monitor substance distribution in different populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T17:45:13Z","timestamp":1708537513000},"page":"1384-1391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development and validation of a liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) method including 25 novel synthetic opioids in hair and subsequent analysis of a Swiss opioid consumer cohort"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Polke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3858-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Concheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice City University of New York  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8637-8674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gail","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology Office of Chief Medical Examiner  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Bogdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zurich Forensic Science Institute  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0979-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus R.","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3283-606X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6783-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina M.","family":"Binz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010030\u201010561\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Administration DE.DEA Releases 2016 Drug Threat Assessment: Fentanyl\u2010related Overdose Deaths Rising At An Alarming Rate.2016.https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/press-releases\/2016\/12\/06\/dea-releases-2016-drug-threat-assessment-fentanyl-related-overdose-deaths. 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