{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:40:14Z","timestamp":1786977614270,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Interpretation results of hair analysis, particularly for cocaine, can be challenging due to the need to differentiate between active use or passive contamination. Our study aimed to assess the impact of varying degrees of passive cocaine exposure hair analysis results and their interpretation. Hair samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925) were categorized based on the declared cocaine exposure of volunteers: (a) high, involving handling up to several kilograms of cocaine powder from dismantling illegal distribution sites; (b) medium, where staff dealt with cocaine blocks (up to kilograms); and (c) low, with staff in contact with up to grams of cocaine for laboratory analysis. Hair samples were decontaminated using dichloromethane, water, and methanol. The samples and final wash were analyzed for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, cocaethylene, m\u2010OH\u2010benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester using a validated UPLC\u2010MS\/MS method. Cocaine hair concentrations ranges were as follows (pg\/mg): high (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200953 segments)\u2009&lt;\u2009LLOQ(32)\u20107046; medium (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200991)\u2009&lt;\u2009LLOQ\u2010939; and low (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200954)\u2009&lt;\u2009LLOQ\u2010292. All hair samples had concentrations below the LLOQ for cocaethylene, ecgonine methyl ester, and m\u2010OH\u2010benzoylecgonine. Applying the SoHT cocaine cut\u2010off in combination with a hair\/wash ratio criterion identified 97% of the samples as contaminated. This study advocates for a comprehensive approach in evaluating cocaine hair concentrations. This involves integrating the 500\u2009pg\/mg decision limit for cocaine with a criterion comparing wash and hair concentration. Additionally, confirming the presence of specific metabolites is crucial. This multifaceted method effectively distinguishes between environmental contamination and active cocaine usage. The research contributes significantly to refining cocaine exposure assessment in professional contexts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T19:04:31Z","timestamp":1712257471000},"page":"110-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Establishing effective interpretation criteria in hair analysis to distinguish between passive and active cocaine exposure: Insights from authentic hair samples collected from professional individuals exposed to cocaine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3955-054X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Mar","family":"Ram\u00edrez Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Public Service Justice National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2683-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah M. R.","family":"Wille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Public Service Justice National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Meert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Public Service Justice National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7415-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy","family":"Eliaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Public Service Justice National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nele","family":"Samyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Public Service Justice National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa078"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379\u20100738(96)02052\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.5.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","article-title":"Performance of hair testing for cocaine use\u2014comparison of five laboratories using blind reference specimens","volume":"30","author":"Hart ED","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3526"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"Mu\u00dfhoffF SkoppG PragstF SachsH ThiemeD.Anforderungen an die untersuchung von haarproben toxichem krimtech2009;76(3):209\u2013216."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3334"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks050"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"New hair testing conclusions","volume":"41","author":"Montgomery M","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2317"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/30.8.490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024\u2010018\u20109994\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/33.6.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.6.354"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku099"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10884600600862178"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchas.2007.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620802590116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.05.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170714154444"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","unstructured":"Arvecon.www.arvecon.de\/gb\/dates\/doa\/index\/html"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaa061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab001"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.3692","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T20:30:20Z","timestamp":1760387420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.3692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.3692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3692","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}