{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:01:40Z","timestamp":1760403700564,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017060","name":"California Horse Racing Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ethanol, a central nervous system depressant and banned substance in horseracing, has reportedly been administered to horses prior to competition to \u201ccalm a horse's nerves.\u201d In this study, the pharmacokinetics of two metabolites of ethanol were studied to better understand the behavior of this compound in the horse and provide a scientific basis for regulation of its administration. Six horses received a single intravenous (30\u2009mL; 1200\u2009mg) and oral (90\u2009mL; 3600\u2009mg) administration of ethanol (vodka, 40% ABV) in a balanced cross\u2010over design. Blood and urine samples were collected at various times post administration for up to 24\u2009h. Concentrations of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate were determined using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic analysis performed. Behavioral, locomotor activity and effects on heart rate were assessed. The maximum concentration (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) of ethyl glucuronide was 71.5\u2009\u00b1\u200942.7 and 105.0\u2009\u00b1\u200947.5\u2009ng\/mL at 0.88\u2009h following IV and oral administration, respectively. The maximum concentrations for the ethyl sulfate metabolite following IV and oral administration were 1.61\u2009\u00b1\u20090.60 and 3.46\u2009\u00b1\u20091.68\u2009ng\/mL, respectively. Urine concentrations of both metabolites were non\u2010detectable by 24\u2009h post ethyl alcohol administration. No observable behavioral responses were noted following IV or oral administration. Significant decreases in heart rate were noted at various times starting at 10\u2009min until 4\u2009h post administration in the oral dose group. Both ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate could be useful markers for detection of illicit administration of ethanol to horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T23:10:05Z","timestamp":1726441805000},"page":"933-941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate and Pharmacodynamic Effects Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Ethanol to Exercised Horses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather\u00a0K.","family":"Knych","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), school of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Blea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Scollay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horseracing Integrity &amp; Welfare Unit Drug Free Sports International  Kansas City Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip\u00a0H.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel\u00a0S.","family":"McKemie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), school of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Overview: How Is Alcohol Metabolized by the Body?","volume":"29","author":"Zakhari S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Research & Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/29.5.270"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2008.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_71_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010015\u20108701\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14267J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/34.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378\u20104347(01)00186\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/26.5.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3282"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102885.1978.tb00342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420004335.ch5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0741\u20108329(85)90045\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0741\u20108329(86)90032\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17597269.2023.2238381"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.3803","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T18:46:06Z","timestamp":1760381166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.3803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.3803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3803","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1942-7603"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1942-7611"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}