{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:01:26Z","timestamp":1760403686964,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The use of alkalinising agents prior to racing for manipulating performance in the horse has been identified since the 1990s. To mitigate the risk, an international threshold for available carbon dioxide in equine plasma based on analyses using the Beckman Synchron EL<jats:italic>\u2010ISE<\/jats:italic> analyser was adopted in 1994 by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) and revised from 37 to 36\u2009mM in 2004. In 2009, the technical support for the above instrument was discontinued by its manufacturer. Based on the same measurement principle (i.e., ion selective electrode), the Beckman DxC600 analyser was selected as an alternative and validated against the protocol developed by the Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC). Recently, the DxC600 analyser is also no longer supported by Beckman. Various alternative methods for measuring total carbon dioxide (TCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) in plasma have been explored. Among these, a headspace gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (HS\u2010GC\/MS) method was first reported by the Analytical Forensic Testing Laboratory (AFTL) in 2017. Methods based on the same measurement principle were later developed by different horseracing laboratories. With the objective of cross\u2010validating the new HS\u2010GC\/MS methods and to establish an absolute (rather than instrument\u2010dependent or empirical) threshold, an international research collaboration was initiated among different racing laboratories. This paper describes the results of cross\u2010validation studies conducted in November 2019 and December 2022 using horse administration samples from Canada and France, respectively, the determination of a threshold based on population data, and some technical insights on the HS\u2010GC\/MS methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T19:43:14Z","timestamp":1732563794000},"page":"1260-1268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Doping Control Analysis of Total Carbon Dioxide (TCO<sub>2<\/sub>) in Equine Plasma by Headspace Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry (HS\u2010GC\/MS)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0839-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen\u00a0Y.","family":"Kwok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Laboratory The Hong Kong Jockey Club  Sha Tin Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5239-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai\u00a0Him","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Laboratory The Hong Kong Jockey Club  Sha Tin Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3779-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terence\u00a0S.\u00a0M.","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Laboratory The Hong Kong Jockey Club  Sha Tin Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Pari\u2010Mutuel Agency  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5179-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie\u2010Agnes","family":"Popot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE\u2010LCH)  Verrieres le Buisson, Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murielle","family":"Jaubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE\u2010LCH)  Verrieres le Buisson, Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0864-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovic","family":"Bailly\u2010Chouriberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (GIE\u2010LCH)  Verrieres le Buisson, Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan\u00a0T.","family":"Heffron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Analytical Forensic Testing Laboratory University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chak\u00a0Kwen","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Forensics Inc.  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juanita","family":"Tso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Forensics Inc.  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Tso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Forensics Inc.  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bob","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Forensics Inc.  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Selvadurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Analytical Services Limited  Flemington Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Batty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Analytical Services Limited  Flemington Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9474-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bob","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LGC  Fordham, London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LGC  Fordham, London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Ragazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unirelab  Settimo Milanese, Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariani","family":"Claudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unirelab  Settimo Milanese, Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmie\u00a0N.\u00a0M.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Laboratory The Hong Kong Jockey Club  Sha Tin Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"D. R.LloydandR. J.Rose \u201cThe Detection and Performance Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Administration in the Racehorses \u201d Proceedings of 9thInternational Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians (New Orleans 1992) 131\u2013135."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"D. R.LloydandR. J.Rose \u201cEffects of Several Alkalising Agents on Acid\u2010Base Balance in Horses \u201d Proceedings of 11thInternational Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians (Queensland 1996) 104\u2013110."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(05)80024-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198315040-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1993.tb00879.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"P.Reilly A.Duffield C. 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