{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:08:04Z","timestamp":1761059284508,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Widespread concern about illicit drugs as an aspect of workplace performance potentially diminishes attention on employee alcohol use. Alcohol is the dominant drug contributing to poor job performance; it also accounts for a third of the worldwide public health burden. Evidence from public roadways \u2013 a workplace for many \u2013 provides an example of work\u2010related risk exposure and performance lapses. In most developed countries, alcohol is involved in 20\u201335% of fatal crashes; drugs other than alcohol are less prominently involved in fatalities. Alcohol biomarkers can improve detection by extending the timeframe for estimating problematic exposure levels and thereby provide better information for managers. But what levels and which markers are right for the workplace? In this paper, an established high\u2010sensitivity proxy for alcohol\u2010driving risk proclivity is used: an average eight months of failed blood alcohol concentration (BAC) breath tests from alcohol ignition interlock devices. Higher BAC test fail rates are known to presage higher rates of future impaired\u2010driving convictions (driving under the influence; DUI). Drivers in alcohol interlock programmes log 5\u20137 daily BAC tests; in 12\u2009months, this yields thousands of samples. Also, higher programme entry levels of alcohol biomarkers predict a higher likelihood of failed interlock BAC tests during subsequent months. This paper summarizes the potential of selected biomarkers for workplace screening. Markers include phosphatidylethanol (PEth), percent carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT), gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT), gamma %CDT (\u03b3%CDT), and ethylglucuronide (EtG) in hair. Clinical cut\u2010off levels and median\/mean levels of these markers in abstinent people, the general population, DUI drivers, and rehabilitation clinics are summarized for context. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T06:10:53Z","timestamp":1328508653000},"page":"76-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Levels and types of alcohol biomarkers in DUI and clinic samples for estimating workplace alcohol problems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Paul R","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation  Calverton Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01433.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1986.tb00342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239600185611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(87)90027-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(99)00008-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"L.Jakobsson The Swedish Work with Alcoholics Trafikverket Swedish Transportation Administration. 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