{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T11:20:41Z","timestamp":1792840841042,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Basic Research Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3302003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3302003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21DZ2270800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21DZ2270800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19DZ2292700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ2292700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Etomidate is a short\u2010acting non\u2010barbiturate imidazole used as an intravenous anesthetic agent in humans, while metomidate and propoxate are common anesthetic drug for fishes. Today, etomidate, and its analogs, including isopropoxate, are increasingly abused, leading to many public malignant events. The goal of this work was to use liquid chromatography\u2010high resolution mass spectrometry (LC\u2010HRMS) to study the in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro metabolism of etomidate and its analogs in zebrafish, human liver microsomes (HLMs), human urine and hair samples. Eight metabolites of metomidate, 11 metabolites of etomidate, six metabolites of propoxate, and 10 metabolites of isopropoxate were detected in our study. The main metabolic pathways included hydroxylation, dealkylation, dehydrogenation, and glucuronidation. Etomidate acid and metomidate were detected in samples after metabolism of all four substances. Our results support the use of the monohydroxylated metabolites as metabolic biomarkers for etomidate and its analogs. Among the tested human samples, 38 samples showed one type of our targeted substances, and 20 samples showed two or more drugs. Thus, polydrug use in etomidate and its analogs was a phenomenon worth noting. This study is the first to identify target metabolic compounds for monitoring the abuse of etomidate and its analogs in human, and to provide insights into the in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro biotransformation of them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:19:50Z","timestamp":1740097190000},"page":"1662-1674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Metabolic Profile of Etomidate and Its Three Analogs in Zebrafish, Human Liver Microsomes, Human Urine and Hair Samples Using UHPLC\u2010Q Exactive Orbitrap\u2010HRMS"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yiling","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linhao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huosheng","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1204-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) \u201cEuropean Drug Report 2023: Trends and Developments \u201d accessed May 7 2024 https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/european\u2010drug\u2010report\/2023_en."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"The United Nations Offices on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) \u201cEarly Warning Advisory (EWA). 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