{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:12:10Z","timestamp":1772997130250,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]],"date-time":"2025-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Forensic hair analysis poses a valuable tool for assessing opioid exposure in children and neonates. However, reliable literature data on opioid concentrations in the hair of this population are mostly scarce, making the interpretation of such hair analysis results rather challenging. This noninterventional study aims to address this issue by investigating 118 hair samples of pediatric patients (median age: 50\u2009days) from the University Children's Hospital Zurich. These patients were treated with medically approved novel synthetic opioids (fentanyl, remifentanil, sufentanil, or alfentanil) and traditional opioids (morphine, methadone, and hydromorphone) during their clinical treatment. Quantification of the opioids and selected metabolites was achieved by a previously validated liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) based method, which showed good sensitivity with lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) ranging from 0.1 to 1\u2009pg\/mg hair. Most analytes were successfully detected in patients' hair, with the majority being identified for the first time in this matrix. Significant correlations were found between the opioid concentrations in hair and the administered medication doses, indicating that hair analysis may reflect the extent of opioid exposure in this population. Furthermore, metabolite ratios similar to the ones commonly found in adult hair were identified, which are forensically important to differentiate between active intake of a drug and contamination. The metabolite ratio of \u03b2\u2010hydroxyfentanyl to fentanyl was particularly well suited for children and neonatal patients. In conclusion, concentration ranges, metabolite ratios, and dose correlations of the studied opioids in pediatric hair were established, providing insights into opioid incorporation pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T03:09:35Z","timestamp":1753672175000},"page":"2246-2254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Therapeutic Opioids in Hair of Neonatal and Pediatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Polke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analysis, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Zapf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology University Children's Hospital Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Restin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology University Hospital and University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kraemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6783-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina\u00a0M.","family":"Binz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analysis, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Clinical Anesthesia","author":"Reilly C. 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