{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T12:23:32Z","timestamp":1779366212316,"version":"3.53.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Autologous blood transfusions (ABTs) are prohibited by the World Anti\u2010Doping Agency (WADA), yet detecting autologous blood micro\u2010transfusions (ABMTs) remains a challenge. Due to smaller transfused volumes, ABMTs cause attenuated biomarker changes, limiting detection sensitivity within the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). This study assessed whether mRNA expression of 5\u2010aminolevulinic acid synthase (\n                    <jats:italic>ALAS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and carbonic anhydrase 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>CA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), measured from dried blood spots (DBS), could serve as sensitive biomarkers of ABMT. In a randomized, placebo\u2010controlled design, 47 trained individuals (24 \u2640; mean VO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    peak 56\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u2009mL\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) were allocated to an ABMT group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200923; \u2640\u2009=\u200912) or placebo group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924; \u2640\u2009=\u200912). The ABMT group donated 450\u2009mL of blood and received a 130\u2009mL packed red blood cell reinfusion 4\u2009weeks later. Blood sampling occurred regularly before and after both donation and reinfusion.\n                    <jats:italic>ALAS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA expression from DBS, and reticulocyte percentage (RET%) from venous blood, were analyzed. Following blood donation,\n                    <jats:italic>ALAS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and RET% increased by 270%, 200%, and 150%, respectively. However, no consistent group\u2010level changes were observed after ABMT. Individualized analysis identified more outliers for\n                    <jats:italic>ALAS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    than for\n                    <jats:italic>CA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and blinded interpretation of individual mRNA profiles achieved &gt;\u200995% sensitivity and specificity for detecting ABMT. These findings suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>ALAS2<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNA expression, assessed via minimally invasive DBS sampling, is a promising biomarker for identifying ABMT. This approach may enhance current anti\u2010doping strategies by improving sensitivity to small\u2010volume autologous transfusions that evade detection through traditional ABP biomarkers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T07:34:53Z","timestamp":1754724893000},"page":"2291-2300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["mRNA Biomarkers in Dried Blood Spots May Improve Detection of Autologous Blood Micro\u2010Transfusions Using an Individualized Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3361-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas\u00a0Breenfeldt","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Exercise Biology Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica\u00a0Almeida","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne &amp; Geneva Lausanne University Hospital &amp; University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Loria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne &amp; Geneva Lausanne University Hospital &amp; University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-9188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Bejder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS) University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0388-1352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Salamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne &amp; Geneva Lausanne University Hospital &amp; University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiia","family":"Kuuranne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne &amp; Geneva Lausanne University Hospital &amp; University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai\u00a0B.","family":"Nordsborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS) University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7106-6304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Leuenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne &amp; Geneva Lausanne University Hospital &amp; University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"WADA's 2025 Prohibited List","author":"WADA Agency"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001837"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14243"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1980.48.4.636","article-title":"Effect of Induced Erythrocythemia on Aerobic Work Capacity","volume":"48","author":"Buick F. 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