{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:16:24Z","timestamp":1788869784390,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Designer precursors for the synthesis of amphetamine\u2010type stimulants pose a significant challenge to law enforcement. The precursors APAAN (\u03b1\u2010phenylacetoacetonitrile) and MAPA (methyl \u03b1\u2010acetylphenylacetate) became popular in the previous decade and have since been restricted. Recently, a ring\u2010substituted analog of MAPA used for the synthesis of MDMA (3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine) was detected, highlighting the potential for criminal misuse of substituted analogs of these designer precursors. Previous research has characterized the impurity profiles of methamphetamine synthesized from APAAN and MAPA. In this study, the impurity profiles of MDMA and PMMA (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010methoxymethamphetamine) synthesized from ring\u2010substituted analogs of APAAN and MAPA were characterized. In addition, byproducts forming from the conversion of\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010methyl and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010fluoro analogs of APAAN and MAPA into analogs of P2P were investigated. MDMA was synthesized from 3,4\u2010methylenedioxy\u2010substituted MAPA (methyl \u03b1\u2010acetyl\u2010[3,4\u2010methylenedioxyphenyl]acetate, MAMDPA) via sodium cyanoborohydride reductive amination and hydrogenation with platinum oxide and methylamine. Four impurities originating from MAMDPA were detected in MDMA synthesized via reductive amination, all of which are 3,4\u2010methylenedioxy analogs of the impurities detected in methamphetamine synthesized from MAPA. Synthesis of MDMA via the hydrogenation route only produced one characteristic impurity, which, due to its instability under acidic conditions, is not likely to be present in clandestine MDMA hydrochloride samples. PMMA was synthesized via sodium cyanoborohydride reductive amination of MeO\u2010P2P produced from methoxyl\u2010substituted APAAN (\u03b1\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    methoxyphenylacetoacetonitrile, APMPAAN). Five impurities were identified as originating from APMPAAN, two of which are proposed to be the most reliable markers for the use of APMPAAN in the synthesis of PMMA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T22:09:52Z","timestamp":1757369392000},"page":"2354-2373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impurity Profiling of ATS Synthesized From Ring\u2010Substituted APAAN and MAPA Analogs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Deanna","family":"Langone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science SA  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Painter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clark","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science SA  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janneke\u00a0W.","family":"Hulshof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute  The Hague the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander","family":"Oldenhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute  The Hague the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin\u00a0R.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7666-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.\u00a0Paul","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders University  Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"European Drug Report: Trends and Developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/2ee08c04-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210022811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789213588031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3186"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"European Union Drugs Agency \u201cMain Methamphetamine Production Methods Used in Europe \u201d accessed July 2025 https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/eu\u2010drug\u2010markets\/methamphetamine\/main\u2010production\u2010methods\u2010europe."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Global Synthetic Drugs Assessment 2020","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210024990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisyn.2020.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01100a043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.02.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00817.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Europol EU Manual on Ilicit Synthetic Drugs\/NPS Production","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","volume-title":"Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Amphetamine, Methamphetamine and Their Ring\u2010Substituted Analogues in Seized Materials","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetasy.2008.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"D. 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