{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:55:09Z","timestamp":1791478509347,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005217","name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Over the last several years, there has been an influx of \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010agonists into the street drug supply, beginning with the proliferation of xylazine, a potent veterinary sedative. Since 2023, another sedative, medetomidine, has been widely detected. Medetomidine, broadly, encompasses two enantiomers\u2014dexmedetomidine and levomedetomidine\u2014with the dex enantiomer being pharmacologically active and present in human\u2010use pharmaceuticals. In this work, we investigate street drug samples containing medetomidine to better understand the enantiomeric makeup in the illicit supply. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS) was used to analyze 100 drug product or paraphernalia residue samples. All samples were found to contain a racemic mixture of medetomidine. A subset of samples was analyzed by medetomidine immunoassay test strips, where racemic mixtures were not found to negatively affect results. All samples were also qualitatively analyzed using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART\u2010MS) to identify commonly co\u2010occurring compounds, which included fentanyl, xylazine, and local anesthetics. Parabens, preservatives found in licit injectable preparations of the drug, were not detected. This work provides a snapshot into the medetomidine makeup of the street drug supply, which needs to be continually monitored given the differences in pharmacology between the two enantiomers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T01:39:47Z","timestamp":1756949987000},"page":"2347-2353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enantiomeric Determination of Medetomidine in Street Drug Samples (August 2024\u2014February 2025) and Implications for Immunoassay Test Strip Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-1910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Sisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6217-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah\u00a0A.","family":"Shuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429\u2010025\u201000625\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.70030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7415a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"A. J.Krotulski J.Shinefeld C.Moraff et\u00a0al. \u201cMedetomidine Rapidly Proliferating Across USA \u2013 Implicated in Recreational Opioid Drug Supply & Causing Overdose Outbreaks \u201d May (2024) Center for Forensic Science research & Education retrieved August 19 2025 https:\/\/www.cfsre.org\/images\/content\/reports\/public_alerts\/Public_alert_medetomidine_052024.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.15992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Rapid Drug Analysis and Research (RaDAR) \u201cProviding Near Real\u2010Time Insight Into the Illicit Drug Landscape \u201d NIST (2025) Retrieved August 19 2025 https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs\u2010projects\/radar."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division \u201cNFLIS\u2010Drug Data Query System Analysis \u201d Retrieved July 20 2025 https:\/\/www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7330a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2025.101053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.4c00583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265\u2010015\u20100419\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei263"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u201cState Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System (SUDORS). Final Data \u201d (2025) Retrieved July 20 2025 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/overdose\u2010prevention\/data\u2010research\/facts\u2010stats\/sudors\u2010dashboard\u2010fatal\u2010overdose\u2010data.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"885","article-title":"A Review of the Physiological Effects of \u03b12\u2010Agonists Related to the Clinical Use of Medetomidine in Small Animal Practice","volume":"44","author":"Sinclair M. D.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102885.2000.00245.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/12.5.255"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706\u2010021\u201002832\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaf040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2023.100489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"E.Sisco A. S.Moorthy S. S.Tennyson andR.Corzo \u201cNIST\/NIJ DART\u2010MS Data Interpretation Tool \u201d (2025) accessed July 20 2025 https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/pdr\/lps\/ark:\/88434\/mds2\u20102448."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"E.SiscoandA. S.Moorthy \u201cNIST DART\u2010MS Forensics Database (is\u2010CID) \u201d (2025) Retrieved July 20 2025 https:\/\/data.nist.gov\/od\/id\/mds2\u20102313\/pdr:v\/1.6.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chir.23166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","unstructured":"DEXDOMITOR\u2010 Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride Injection Solution Retrieved July 20 2025 https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/fda\/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=9afc5d50\u20108df7\u201046e9\u2010b5a0\u20105573627fc1bc."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","unstructured":"\u201cPLACADINE \u2010 Medetomidine Hydrochloride Injection Solution \u201d Retrieved July 20 2025 https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/getFile.cfm?setid=11390c49\u201029fc\u20104c83\u2010af66\u2010123cbf22d759&type=pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","unstructured":"Precedex: Package Insert\/Prescribing Information Retrieved July 20 2025 https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/pro\/precedex.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495\u2010200059020\u201000012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001321"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.616"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.3947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T01:45:01Z","timestamp":1765331101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.3947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.3947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3947","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}