{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:23:12Z","timestamp":1788546192363,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Flunixin meglumine is widely used to manage pain and inflammation in horses, and its regulation requires robust pharmacokinetic analysis for harmonization. In this study, we conducted a meta\u2010analysis of flunixin disposition using plasma and urine concentration data from 65 horses across four countries to robustly estimate pharmacokinetic parameters in setting screening limits (SLs) for controlling medications in horses. A population (POP) model was developed using nonlinear mixed\u2010effects model analysis. The irrelevant plasma concentration (IPC) and irrelevant urine concentration (IUC) were determined to be 1.9 and 70.2 ng\/mL, respectively, with a typical urine\u2010to\u2010plasma ratio (Rss) of 35.9. Using the current International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) screening limits (ISLs) (1 ng\/mL for plasma; 100 ng\/mL for urine), a longer detection time (DT) was observed for plasma than for urine, especially after multiple doses, as plasma ISL corresponds to a slower terminal elimination phase. Increasing the current plasma ISL from 1 to 3 ng\/mL\u2014while keeping the current urine ISL at 100 ng\/mL\u2014could better align the plasma and urine DTs. As a limitation of this study, both Standardbred and Thoroughbred data were included, and further data collection is needed to fully ascertain potential breed\u2010specific effects. Moreover, this POP model also enabled relatively accurate Bayesian estimation of individual withdrawal times (WTs) from limited data. Clinicians could apply this Bayesian approach to making informed WT recommendations for horses when sufficient data is available. While existing non\u2010POP statistical models remain viable, they may require a more conservative approach to WT estimation than Bayesian methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T08:15:01Z","timestamp":1761380101000},"page":"32-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Meta\u2010Analysis of International Flunixin Pharmacokinetics in Horses: Toward Regulatory Harmonization and Individualized Detection Times Using Bayesian Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3709-5459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taisuke","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association  Shimotsuke Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology  Fuchu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-4970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather\u00a0K.","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (Pharmacology Section), School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  California USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenys\u00a0K.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University  Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2096-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Minamijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry  Utsunomiya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary\u00a0Ngai\u2010Wa","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry  Utsunomiya Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoi","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute Japan Racing Association  Shimotsuke Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumiaki","family":"Mizobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Department Main Office Japan Racing Association  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhiro","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Department Main Office Japan Racing Association  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanichi","family":"Kusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London Representative Office Japan Racing Association  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre\u2010Louis","family":"Toutain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Biomedical Sciences The Royal Veterinary College  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042\u20103306.1995.tb04425.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042\u20103306.1989.tb05668.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13078"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010642\u201010324\u20107_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010540\u201079088\u20104_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776185985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3857"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042\u20103306.2010.00028.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3706"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13532"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"International Federation of Horseracing Authorities","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"International Federation of Horseracing Authorities","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"\u201cPublication of Detection Times on the IFHA Website for Legitimate Therapeutic Substances Controlled by International Screening Limits \u201d (International Federation of Horseracing Authorities \u00a02024) https:\/\/www.ifhaonline.org\/resources\/DetectionTimes.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"M.Sillence G.Noble F.Schneiders et\u00a0al. 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