{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:39:16Z","timestamp":1786977556983,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The increasing misuse of opioids in Europe is an alarming trend, leading to severe social and health consequences. Heroin, a highly potent and addictive opioid, remains the main contributor to the health burden associated with opioid use in the region. Illicit drug characterization and profiling offer valuable insights into the complexity of heroin seizures, assisting law enforcement agencies and forensic experts in gathering evidence for legal proceedings. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the composition of heroin seizures and assesses the feasibility of an electrochemical fingerprint approach for the detection of heroin and its associated components. In the initial phase, the primary focus was on developing an electrochemical sensor optimized for heroin detection. The sensor's performance was validated using street samples provided by Sciensano, a Belgian health institute, ensuring its accuracy and reliability in identifying heroin. Once the capabilities of the sensor were demonstrated, the discrimination of alkaloids and cutting agents in seized samples was integrated into a customized software script. Subsequently, an extensive validation process was conducted using a new dataset of heroin seizures from the Belgian National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology. The follow\u2010up verification confirmed the sensor's effectiveness in detecting heroin, cutting agents, and alkaloids, highlighting its potential as a valuable tool for drug profiling. This portable, user\u2010friendly device with automatic readout could become essential for forensic experts, law enforcement, and harm reduction efforts in addressing the opioid crisis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T06:10:31Z","timestamp":1765347031000},"page":"260-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of an Innovative Portable Heroin Electrochemical Sensor for Empowering Forensic Laboratories"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Noelia\u00a0Felipe","family":"Montiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Engineering, Photoelectrochemistry and Sensing (A\u2010PECS) University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"NANOlight Center of Excellence University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-1828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Mazurk\u00f3w","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Engineering, Photoelectrochemistry and Sensing (A\u2010PECS) University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"NANOlight Center of Excellence University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Van\u00a0Echelpoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Engineering, Photoelectrochemistry and Sensing (A\u2010PECS) University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"NANOlight Center of Excellence University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Daems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Engineering, Photoelectrochemistry and Sensing (A\u2010PECS) University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"NANOlight Center of Excellence University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1596-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margot","family":"Balcaen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs Unit, Service Health Information, Scientific Directorate of Epidemiology and Public Health Sciensano  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6980-6684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Deconinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Medicine and Health Products, Scientific Directorate Chemical and Physical Health Risks Sciensano  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Van\u00a0Durme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drugs and Toxicology Department National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC)  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolien","family":"De\u00a0Wael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp Engineering, Photoelectrochemistry and Sensing (A\u2010PECS) University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"NANOlight Center of Excellence University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000789"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"UNODC \u201cWorld Drug Report 2024 \u201d (2024) https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/en\/data\u2010and\u2010analysis\/world\u2010drug\u2010report\u20102024.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction \u201cEuropean Drug Report 2024: Trends and Developments \u201d (2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2810\/91693."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16420"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122904"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29051116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"\u201cEU Drug Markets Report \u201d (2019) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2810\/53181."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Drug Characterization\/Impurity Profiling: Background and Concepts","author":"UNODC","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"UNODC \u201cRecommended Methods for the Profiling of Heroin and Cocaine \u201d (2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2022.100455"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379\u20100738(01)00541\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2005.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/jhs.54.615"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110848"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954\u2010017\u20100179\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.103037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wfs2.1461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2018.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SC04309C"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202101198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c02810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CSAC2021-10612"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010020\u201002584\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2020.1751181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556\u20104029.2005.00017.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b01796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.130659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200302975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10030108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2021.129819"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.124208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706\u2010016\u20101859\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoes.2023.100120"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70013","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dta.70013","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:23:36Z","timestamp":1769991816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.70013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.70013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.70013","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}