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Spectral signatures from commonly used field instruments such as infrared spectrometers require careful analysis to identify characteristic features in a complex mixture. In this study, we train neural network models for the detection of bromazolam and para\u2010fluorofentanyl, using infrared absorption data collected at a point\u2010of\u2010care drug checking service. The neural network models classified the two components with an F1\u2010score of 0.88 for bromazolam and 0.89 for para\u2010fluorofentanyl. In comparison, a random forest model optimized using the same data set had an F1\u2010score of 0.66 for bromazolam and 0.76 for para\u2010fluorofentanyl. This demonstrates that neutral networks are excellent candidates for such complex drug detection applications and outperform other machine learning\u2010based approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T19:07:48Z","timestamp":1772996868000},"page":"619-624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural Network\u2010Based Detection of Adulterants in Opioid Samples Using IR Absorption Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Jai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Gozdzialski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris\u00a0G.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"},{"name":"Centre For Health and Environmental Mass Spectrometry Vancouver Island University  Nanaimo Canada"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Hore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"},{"name":"Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science University of Victoria  Victoria Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997\u2010024\u201000990\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2025.104751"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada \u201cSpecial Advisory Committee on the Epidemic of Opioid Overdoses. Opioid\u2010 and Stimulant\u2010related Harms in Canada \u201d (2025) https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public\u2010health\/services\/publications\/healthy\u2010living\/epidemic\u2010opioid\u2010overdoses.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954\u2010023\u201000764\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2021.103243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.6133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00037028241246010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2024.100559"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954\u2010025\u201001189\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108976"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954\u2010022\u201000590\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3520"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/inventions8020056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c04400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c01271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537\u2010021\u201000444\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288656"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0126662558286875231215054324"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70050","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dta.70050","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70050","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T07:37:32Z","timestamp":1777361852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.70050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.70050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.70050","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}