{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:54:16Z","timestamp":1790848456098,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE220100381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE220100381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010230","name":"Queensland Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Consumption of psychotropic drugs is a major economic and public health challenge in Australia. Wastewater\u2010based epidemiology (WBE) and drug checking have emerged as complementary tools to monitor this market. WBE estimates drug use within communities for target compounds and their metabolites, while drug checking is a free service available in some Australian jurisdictions, which allows individuals to verify drug purity and composition. In this work, wastewater samples were collected from five sites across Queensland (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093), New South Wales (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091) and Victoria (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091) over the 2024\u201325 New Year holidays, while drug checking was carried out at a site in central Canberra over December\u2013January. Wastewater samples were analysed for alcohol, illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS) using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Methamphetamine was the most consumed illicit substance across all sites, while cocaine and MDMA showed distinct increases over the New Year period. Among NPS, bromazolam and 2\u2032\u2010fluoro\u20102\u2010oxo\u2010PCE were most prevalent, while ketamine was consistently detected at regional sites with consumption 2.8\u20133\u2010fold higher on New Year's days. Drug checking revealed prevalence of MDMA, cocaine and ketamine. NPS were detected in 15%\u201320% of total drug samples submitted, with\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010dimethylpentylone and 2\u2032\u2010fluoro\u20102\u2010oxo\u2010PCE the most frequently found. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential synergy between WBE and drug checking, highlighting how their complementary roles can enhance drug surveillance, early warnings for emerging psychoactive substances and monitoring of changes in drug consumption during high\u2010risk periods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T09:51:40Z","timestamp":1783677100000},"page":"1244-1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding Consumption of Illicit Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances in Australia by Triangulating Drug Checking and Wastewater\u2010Based Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1392-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Usman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences The University of Queensland  Dutton Park QLD Australia"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE) University of Foggia  Foggia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2343-3226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry Australian National University  Acton ACT Australia"},{"name":"The Australian Drug Observatory Australian National University  Acton ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhayaalini","family":"Nadarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences The University of Queensland  Dutton Park QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Clokey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences The University of Queensland  Dutton Park QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pritesh","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences The University of Queensland  Dutton Park QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3961-0108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory","family":"Verhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences The University of Queensland  Dutton Park QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3292-3534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Tscharke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences The University of Queensland  Dutton Park QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Quinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE) University of Foggia  Foggia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2724-9183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Bade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences The University of Queensland  Dutton Park QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"AIHW \u201cNational Drug Strategy Household Survey 2022\u20132023 \u201d Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australian Government (2024) retrieved May 20 2025 www.aihw.gov.au."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission \u201cReport 24 of the National Wastewater Drug Monitoring Program \u201d Australia Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (2025) retrieved October 20 2025 Report no. 24 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