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However, the same technology could be exploited to introduce exogenous genes that enhance physical performance and endurance in sports, which not only subverts the principles of fair competition but also poses risks to athletes' health. Exogenous transgenes can be delivered into the human body via viral vectors, and recombinant adeno\u2010associated virus (rAAV) vectors are, to date, considered the safest and most reliable viral vectors in that regard for a prolonged effect. Since 2003, the World Anti\u2010Doping Agency (WADA) has included the term \u201cgene doping\u201d in its Prohibited List of Substances and Methods under Article M3 \u201cGene and Cell Doping.\u201d To date, no confirmed case of gene doping in sport has been officially identified. Over the past two decades, several strategies for long\u2010term detection of rAAV\u2010based transgenes in biological fluids have been proposed. These include direct methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), liquid chromatography\u2013high\u2010resolution mass spectrometry (LC\u2010HRMS), and matrix\u2010assisted laser desorption\/ionization\u2013time\u2010of\u2010flight (MALDI\u2010TOF), and next\u2010generation sequencing (NGS)\u2010based approaches. Indirect methods include detection of recombinant protein products, analysis of immune responses (e.g., neutralizing antibodies, T\u2010cell activation), and \u201comics\u201d technologies such as proteomics, immunopeptidomics, and metabolomics, as well as combinations thereof. This review aims to provide a general overview of the potential of gene therapy for enhancing athletic performance and methods for detecting rAAV\u2010based gene doping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T06:29:22Z","timestamp":1783924162000},"page":"1256-1276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recombinant Adeno\u2010Associated Viral Therapeutics and Gene Doping. 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