{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:00:17Z","timestamp":1790290817326,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013935","name":"Partnership for Clean Competition","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCC\/RFB\/202203976901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCC\/RFB\/202203976901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study investigated whether drone transportation resulted in measurable changes in biological variables relevant to the Athlete Biological Passport, including the urinary steroid profile, haematological factors, selected clinical markers and the untargeted metabolome in dried blood spots (DBS). Urine, blood and DBS from healthy volunteers were analysed after car, drone or no transport, over 5 or 20\u2009km. Haematological factors were assayed by a haematology analyser, steroid profile by GC\u2010\/LC\u2010MS and metabolomics by UPLC\u2010MS\/MS. Drone was faster than car across both distances, and performance was unaffected by high temperatures (29\u00b0C\u201332\u00b0C) or wind speed (12\u201320\u2009km\/h). Haematological, urinary steroid and routine clinical chemistry markers showed no significant differences between car and drone at either distance. Metabolomic analysis showed that most metabolites from DBS samples remained stable relative to no transport: 88% at 5\u2009km and 81%\u201384% at 20\u2009km for both modes. Using a control\u2010anchored equivalence framework, 92.3% of metabolites were classified as equivalent between car and drone at 5\u2009km, and 88.0% at 20\u2009km, with strong correlation across the full metabolome (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.78 at 5\u2009km,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010value\u2009&lt;\u20090.001;\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.82 at 20\u2009km,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010value\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). This is the first report to evaluate drone transport across all major anti\u2010doping sample matrices (urine, whole blood and DBS) using both targeted clinical assays and untargeted metabolomics. Steroid profile, haematological and clinical markers, as well as most DBS\u2010derived metabolites, were equivalent following drone delivery compared with car transport, making this mode of sample transport a possible option during major sporting events.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:30:43Z","timestamp":1790289043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Drone Versus Car Transport on Anti\u2010Doping Sample Integrity Over Short Distances: A Proof\u2010Of\u2010Concept Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3471-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Al\u2010Mohannadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Metabolism &amp; Inflammation, Division of Medicine University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Anti\u2010Doping Laboratory Qatar  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5051-7345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Y.","family":"Al\u2010Jaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti\u2010Doping Laboratory Qatar  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9354-0214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Al\u2010Nesf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy and Immunology Division, Department of Medicine Hamad Medical Corporation  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W.","family":"Samsam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti\u2010Doping Laboratory Qatar  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9162-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. M.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Metabolism &amp; Inflammation, Division of Medicine University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Testing Authority  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Testing Authority  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Zangenfeind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rigi Technologies  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rigi Technologies  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2537-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Mohamed\u2010Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Metabolism &amp; Inflammation, Division of Medicine University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Beotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anti\u2010Doping Laboratory Qatar  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Mohamed\u2010Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Metabolism &amp; Inflammation, Division of Medicine University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5517-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Al\u2010Maadheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Metabolism &amp; Inflammation, Division of Medicine University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Anti\u2010Doping Laboratory Qatar  Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2019.030106","article-title":"Current State of Drones in Healthcare: Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Amukele T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134020","article-title":"Can Unmanned Aerial Systems (Drones) Be Used for the Routine Transport of Chemistry, Hematology, and Coagulation Laboratory Specimens?","volume":"10","author":"Amukele T. 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A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm\u20102024\u20100420"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12178","article-title":"Stability of Athlete Blood Passport Parameters During Air Freight","volume":"36","author":"Ashenden M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Laboratory Hematology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1804","article-title":"Influence of Transport and Time on Blood Variables Commonly Measured for the Athlete Biological Passport","volume":"8","author":"Robinson N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul F.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12060517","article-title":"Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling Reveals Perturbations in Arginine\u2010NO Metabolism in Middle Eastern Patients With Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"12","author":"Ullah E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12050425","article-title":"Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies a Novel Panel of Markers for Autologous Blood Transfusion","volume":"12","author":"Al\u2010Nesf A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2023.12.2.89"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini Y.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency \u201cMeasurement and Reporting of Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (EAAS) Markers of the Urinary Steroid Profile \u201d WADA Technical Document TD2021EAAS Version 2.0. Montreal World Anti\u2010Doping Agency (2021) https:\/\/www.wada\u2010ama.org\/en\/resources\/lab\u2010documents\/td2021eaas."},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8565-x","article-title":"Effects of Pre\u2010Analytical Processes on Blood Samples Used in Metabolomics Studies","volume":"407","author":"Yin P.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2014.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121495"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00048-1","article-title":"Effect of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Drone) Delivery on Blood Product Delivery Time and Wastage in Rwanda: A Retrospective, Cross\u2010Sectional Study and Time Series Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Nisingizwe M. P.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-000894","article-title":"Drone\u2010Based Medical Delivery in the Extreme Conditions of the Himalayan Region: A Feasibility Study","volume":"2","author":"Aggarwal S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqx090","article-title":"Drone Transport of Chemistry and Hematology Samples Over Long Distances","volume":"148","author":"Amukele T. K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70151","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dta.70151","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70151","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:30:52Z","timestamp":1790289052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.70151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.70151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.70151","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"dta.70151"}}