{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:56:52Z","timestamp":1790895412869,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Wastewater\u2010based epidemiology (WBE) is a reliable complement to traditional drug\u2010use monitoring approaches such as surveys and law\u2010enforcement statistics, yet evidence from small countries with heterogeneous population settings remains limited. This study applied WBE to estimate community\u2010level consumption and geographical variation of four illicit stimulant drugs (amphetamine, cocaine as benzoylecgonine, methamphetamine and 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]) across the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, representing urban, periurban and rural contexts. Weekly time\u2010proportional influent wastewater samples were collected during 2024 from five wastewater treatment plants. Target drugs and metabolites were extracted using solid\u2010phase extraction and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Consumption estimates were normalised to population size using established correction factors and drug purity estimates from analysis carried out on seizures in 2024. A total of 255 samples were analysed with 100% detection frequency for cocaine, 99.6% for MDMA, 92.5% for amphetamine and 79.2% for methamphetamine. Estimated consumption levels were highest in the treatment plant serving Luxembourg City and lowest in the most rural setting. Significant increases were observed for cocaine and MDMA during weekends. Drug consumption showed linear correlations with population size across all substances. Annual consumption estimates identified cocaine as the most consumed illicit stimulant in Luxembourg. Wastewater\u2010based epidemiology allows a nonbiased estimation of stimulant drug consumption in Luxembourg, revealing distinct spatial patterns with higher consumption in urban than in rural areas, as well as pronounced increases during weekends. These findings demonstrate the utility of this approach in complementing traditional drug surveillance systems and supporting evidence\u2010informed public health responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:34:32Z","timestamp":1790894072000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimating Illicit Stimulant Drug Consumption in Luxembourg Using Wastewater\u2010Based Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3404-0969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadine","family":"Berndt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Focal Point of the EUDA, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Directorate of Health Ministry of Health and Social Security  Luxembourg City Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7593-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Wiltgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Focal Point of the EUDA, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Directorate of Health Ministry of Health and Social Security  Luxembourg City Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Service Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9  Dudelange Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3284-1472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Service Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9  Dudelange Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Roschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Service Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9  Dudelange Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0485-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical Chemistry Service Laboratoire National de Sant\u00e9  Dudelange Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117789"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155697"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"European Union Drugs Agency \u201cWastewater Analysis and Drugs\u2014A European Multicity Study \u201d (2025) https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/html\/pods\/waste\u2010water\u2010analysis_en."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w16121743"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164547"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010016\u20103686\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14767"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"European Union Drugs Agency \u201cEuropean Drug Report 2025: Trends and Developments \u201d (2025) https:\/\/www.euda.europa.eu\/publications\/european\u2010drug\u2010report\/2025_en."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","volume-title":"National Drug Report 2026. The Drug Phenomenon in the Grand\u2010Duchy of Luxembourg: Trends and Developments","author":"Berndt N.","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.06.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Effective Drug Control Strategies in Northern Cyprus: Challenges and Opportunities in 2024","author":"Daglioglu N.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.10.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12570"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.11.095"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2022.111449"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","unstructured":"STATEC \u2010 Institut National de la Statistique et des \u00c9tudes \u00c9conomiques du Grand\u2010Duch\u00e9 de Luxembourg \u201cPublications [Internet] \u201d accessed June 2 2026 Luxembourg: STATEC https:\/\/statistiques.public.lu\/fr\/publications.html."}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70156","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dta.70156","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:34:38Z","timestamp":1790894078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.70156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.70156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.70156","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"dta.70156"}}