{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:54:48Z","timestamp":1790927688047,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The anabolic\u2010androgenic steroids have largely left clinical medicine while remaining in wide non\u2010medical use. This review documents how that happened from the supply side, using the US Federal Register from 1970 to 2026, approval and patent records, statutes, treaty texts, and the peer\u2010reviewed analytical literature. Three European firms created the class in 1935, their research contracted to university laboratories, and seven firms in five countries built it out by 1962, into a market where branded androgen preparations were already sold. The FDA's Drug Efficacy Study Implementation 7630 then condemned the tissue\u2010building claims in 1970, retained an osteoporosis claim only while no alternative existed, and closed in 1985 after no sponsor completed the studies. A parallel proceeding on the estrogen\u2010androgen combinations, opened in 1972, was resolved only in 2026. No safety finding drove any of it. Only one product in the class, oxandrolone, was ever determined withdrawn for reasons of safety or effectiveness, and 21 CFR 216.24 contains no anabolic\u2010androgenic steroid. Most applications lapsed. The two jurisdictions then diverged. The US moved these substances into narcotics law in 1990 while European states did not make that move, with consequences for the public health work possible in each. Three of the first designer steroids identified in sport had never been sold as medicines, and for two of them the laboratories had to synthesize reference material before any assay existed. Section S0 of the WADA Prohibited List now names discontinued drugs. The pattern has since repeated with the selective androgen receptor modulators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:21:11Z","timestamp":1790925671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Orphaned by an Evidentiary Standard: How Efficacy Review Emptied the Anabolic\u2010Androgenic Steroid Market, and What Doping Control Inherited"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0385-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Adolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Specialized University Hospital for Active Treatment in Orthopaedics Medical University of Sofia  Sofia Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6358-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgi","family":"Raykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Sonnenhofspital  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008\u2010682x.122358"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101629"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje\u201019\u20100071"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.02.039"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Anabolic Steroids: The Gremlins of Sport","volume":"14","author":"Todd T.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Sport History"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09523367.2023.2258089"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039\u2010128x(92)90014\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039\u2010128x(92)90015\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039\u2010128x(92)90016\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0025727300069374"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsc.2005.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Laqueur and Organon. 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The six\u2010year maximum for aggravated supply is set by straffeloven \u00a7 191 a."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","unstructured":"Legemiddelloven (Lov 4 December 1992 nr. 132) sec. 24a added by lov 14 June 2013 nr. 38 and sec. 31 second paragraph. The supply offences are Straffeloven (lov 20 May 2005 nr. 28) secs. 234 and 235 carrying two years and six years respectively."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","unstructured":"Anti\u2010Doping\u2010Bundesgesetz 2021 BGBl. I Nr. 152\/2020 sec. 28(1) (2) (3) (4) and (5). Sec. 28(2) makes possession an offence only above the threshold quantity and only where held with intent that the substance be placed on the market or administered to others. Sec. 28(3) sets a maximum of one year for an offence under sec. 28(1)(1) involving anabolic substances; sec. 28(4) sets three years in the aggravated cases; and sec. 28(5) raises that to five years where an offence under sec. 28(4) involves anabolic substances in a quantity exceeding the threshold."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","unstructured":"Geneesmiddelenwet(2007) arts. 18(1) and 40(2); Wet op de economische delicten art. 6(1)(1\u00b0)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","unstructured":"Gesetz gegen Doping im Sport (Anti\u2010Doping\u2010Gesetz) December 10 2015 BGBl. I S. 2210 secs. 2(3) 3 4(1) 4(4) 4(5) and 4(7). The range of one to ten years is set by sec. 4(4) subject to the minder schwerer Fall of sec. 4(5)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","unstructured":"Dopingmittel\u2010Mengen\u2010Verordnung March 10 2023 BGBl. 2023 I Nr. 67 Anlage."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","unstructured":"Anti\u2010Doping\u2010Grenzmengenverordnung 2015 BGBl. 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