{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:49:44Z","timestamp":1791672584229,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Unintentional doping, the inadvertent ingestion of or exposure to substances on the World Anti\u2010Doping Agency's Prohibited List, is an increasing concern in sport, with potential sources ranging from dietary supplements and contaminated foods to pharmaceuticals, intimate contact, and the wider environment. When an adverse analytical finding (AAF) is reported, Anti\u2010Doping Organisations (ADOs) must distinguish doping from inadvertent exposure, a task that carries real consequences for athletes' careers. Yet little is known about how ADOs handle such cases in practice. Through the Monitoring Group of the Council of Europe's Anti\u2010Doping Convention, we conducted an electronic survey of National Anti\u2010Doping Organisations and International Federations on their experiences and practices for managing potential contamination cases during 2024\u20132025. Thirty\u2010three ADOs, predominantly from Europe, responded. The majority (85%) had encountered at least one contamination case during the period, yet only 36% had a standardised process for handling such cases. Athletes claiming contamination, however, were rarely successful in defending their case. ADOs reported 46 unique prohibited substances and 71 source\u2013substance associations being involved in alleged contamination cases, with dietary supplements the most frequent source (76%), followed by food (42%). Adoption of standardised processes increased with the operational scale of the ADO, leaving smaller organisations least equipped. These findings show that potential contamination cases are now a routine reality for ADOs, but the procedural tools to manage them are not. The evidence collected here will inform forthcoming Council of Europe's best\u2010practice recommendations aimed at protecting athletes while preserving the integrity of clean sport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:45:26Z","timestamp":1791272726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential Contamination Cases in Anti\u2010Doping: Experiences and Practices of 33 Anti\u2010Doping Organisations"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0331-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian","family":"Sl\u00ed\u017e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy Comenius University Bratislava  Bratislava Slovakia"},{"name":"Toxicologic and Antidoping Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy Comenius University Bratislava  Bratislava Slovakia"},{"name":"Slovak Anti\u2010Doping Agency  Bratislava Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liene","family":"Kozlovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council of Europe  Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0129-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik","family":"Lauritzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Medicine Anti\u2010Doping Norway  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"World Anti\u2010Doping Code 2021. World Anti\u2010Doping Agency; 2021","author":"WADA","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"World Anti\u2010Doping Code International Standard Prohibited List","author":"WADA","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"WADA \u201cWorking Group on Contaminations \u201d World Anti\u2010Doping Agency (2025) https:\/\/www.wada\u2010ama.org\/en\/working\u2010group\u2010contaminations."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2024.112240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Inadvertent Doping Intstitute of National Anti\u2010Doping Organisations (2023) Accessed 12.05.2026 https:\/\/inado.org\/2023\/06\/13\/inadvertent\u2010doping\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.868228"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm\u20102025\u20100549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9081012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3672"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119688"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"P.O'connorandE.Anzolin \u201cItalian Biathlete Passler Cleared for Winter Olympics After Doping Appeal. Reuters \u201d 13.02.2026. Accessed 05.08.2026 https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/sports\/biathlon\u2010italys\u2010anti\u2010doping\u2010body\u2010clears\u2010passler\u2010compete\u2010games\u2010despite\u2010positive\u20102026\u201002\u201013\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419\u2010024\u201000689\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2469"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"M.Morgan \u201cAddressing the Inequality of Arms in Anti\u2010Doping Proceedings \u201d Morgan Sports Law (2026). Accessed 10.07.2026 https:\/\/morgansl.com\/en\/latest\/addressing\u2010inequality\u2010arms\u2010anti\u2010doping\u2010proceedings."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40318\u2010023\u201000241\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2020.00115"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70161","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dta.70161","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70161","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:13:33Z","timestamp":1791670413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.70161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.70161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.70161","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"dta.70161"}}