{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:58:21Z","timestamp":1792522701781,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) market in the United States has grown increasingly adulterated, complicating public health and law enforcement responses. This study examines qualitative and quantitative fentanyl adulteration trends using data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Rapid Drug Analysis and Research (RaDAR) program between January 2024 and June 2026. Analyzing 4563 qualitative and 1224 quantitative results from samples collected across 17 states, the research highlights significant geographic (East vs. West) and temporal shifts in the unregulated drug supply. Results indicate a sharp increase in sample complexity, with many samples containing over five compounds by late 2025. The data details the widespread emergence and subsequent regional shifts of \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010agonists (from xylazine to medetomidine), local anesthetics (lidocaine, tetracaine, and procaine), and the industrial chemical BTMPS. Quantitative findings reveal that IMF from the West consistently exhibited higher fentanyl purity (\u224813% mass fraction) compared with the East (\u22485% mass fraction). Furthermore, paired concentration analysis suggests that the presence of IMF in stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine likely stems from low\u2010level unintentional contamination rather than intentional mixing. Ultimately, this research underscores the volatility of the IMF supply and demonstrates the critical need for continuous, comprehensive drug checking networks to rapidly detect and respond to evolving adulteration trends.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:59:36Z","timestamp":1791439176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trends in Fentanyl Adulteration From Rapid Drug Analysis and Research (RaDAR) Drug Checking Samples, January 2024 to June 2026"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-1910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Sisco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3305-6446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise M.","family":"Pyfrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan G.","family":"Appley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2192-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katya A.","family":"Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6217-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Shuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556\u20104029.15242"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.27550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.0952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000001050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204\u2010025\u201004102\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aea6130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Fentanyl Profiling Program Report CY 2022 \u201cDrug Enforcement Administration Special Testing and Research the Laboratory \u201d2024 https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/documents\/2024\/2024\u201009\/2024\u201009\u201011\/cy\u20102022\u2010fentanyl\u2010profiling\u2010program\u2010report."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"NFLIS\u2010Drug 2019 Survey of Crime Laboratory Drug Chemistry Sections Report \u201cU.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Diversion Control Division \u201d2019 https:\/\/www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov\/publicationsRedesign.xhtml."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7217a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2023.102044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2023.100489"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"\u201cRaDAR Training Materials \u201d National Institute of Standards and Technology 2022 https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/programs\u2010projects\/radar\u2010training\u2010materials."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"E. 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