{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:42:09Z","timestamp":1792806129169,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) were developed to reproduce the anabolic effects of testosterone while sparing the prostate, and are marketed as a safer alternative to anabolic steroids. Tissue selectivity is reproducible in preclinical models but largely metabolic in origin and small in humans, and no SARM has been approved in more than 25 years. In randomised trials, lean body mass rises dose\u2010dependently by roughly 1\u20131.5\u2009kg, with suppression of testosterone, sex hormone\u2010binding globulin and high\u2010density\u2010lipoprotein cholesterol and, with some compounds, reversible rises in aminotransferases, while physical function improves inconsistently. In one randomised\u2010response survey of male gym users, lifetime prevalence was about 2.7%. As used in practice, at higher doses, stacked and unmonitored, the dominant serious harm is a cholestatic drug\u2010induced liver injury, prolonged but usually reversible, with endocrine suppression. In almost all cases, the product was not analysed, so undeclared androgens cannot be excluded. Products sold as SARMs are frequently mislabelled: in one analysis only about half contained a SARM at all, many contained a different unapproved drug, and doses were often wrong. SARMs have been prohibited at all times since 2008. Adverse analytical findings rose from 15 in 2014 to 142 in 2019, then fluctuated (139 in 2023, 106 in 2024), a series shaped by testing volume and screening breadth as well as by use. Most follow deliberate purchase of products sold as SARMs. Findings attributed to contaminated ordinary supplements are documented on limited evidence. We set out the implications for doping control and counselling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:01:01Z","timestamp":1792803661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) in Sport: Patterns of Use, Product Contamination, Health Risks and Doping\u2010Control Implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0385-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Adolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USBALO \u2018Boycho Boychev\u2019 Medical University of Sofia  Sofia Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgi","family":"Enev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Consultation\u2010Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine University Hospital Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32832a3d79"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15135"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1634799"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3697"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228\u2010023\u201003592\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241252435"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000001352"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf700"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231197389"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17069"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jox13020017"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","volume-title":"LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug\u2010Induced Liver Injury [Internet]","author":"Hoofnagle J. H.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108753"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.119688"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117871"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.117879"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","volume-title":"World Anti\u2010Doping Code 2027","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13\u201000231"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ml1002508"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","volume-title":"Anti\u2010Doping Testing Figures Reports, 2015 to 2024","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","volume-title":"2014 Anti\u2010Doping Testing Figures Report","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","volume-title":"2023 Anti\u2010Doping Testing Figures Report","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912\u2010016\u20100522\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470\u20102045(24)00004\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","volume-title":"A Phase 2 Study of Enobosarm for the Prevention of Muscle Loss in Patients Treated With a GLP\u20101 Receptor Agonist (QUALITY)","author":"Veru Inc","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","volume-title":"Phase 2b Proof\u2010of\u2010Concept Study of Enobosarm in Patients Treated With Semaglutide (PLATEAU)","author":"Veru Inc","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2021.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2527"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113849"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2021.123048"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008\u20100674"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29215162"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11020085"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm901149c"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017\u201002644"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax\u20102021\u2010218360"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603\u2010013\u20100335\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_42_1","volume-title":"World Anti\u2010Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2026","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3918"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1904226116"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls078"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539\u2010011\u20100034\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470\u20102045(13)70055\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_48_1","volume-title":"Phase III Study of the Effect of GTx\u2010024 on Muscle Wasting in Patients With Non\u2010Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving First\u2010Line Platinum Plus a Taxane (POWER 1)","author":"GTx Inc","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_49_1","volume-title":"Phase III Study of the Effect of GTx\u2010024 on Muscle Wasting in Patients With Non\u2010Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving First\u2010Line Platinum Plus a Non\u2010Taxane (POWER 2)","author":"GTx Inc","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798\u2010021\u201000371\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3600"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443\u2010021\u201000465\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2022.2078679"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2908"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_55_1","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Doping Analysis","author":"Mareck U.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.70090"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkaf066"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2021.114433"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.2389"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70033"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_62_1","volume-title":"Technical Document TD2027MRL: Minimum Reporting Levels for Non\u2010Threshold Substances","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_63_1","volume-title":"Technical Document TD2027MRPL: Minimum Required Performance Levels and Applicable Minimum Reporting Levels","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2933"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70005"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216\u2010021\u201003740\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.70130"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_69_1","volume-title":"Technical Letter TL12: Enobosarm (Ostarine)","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_70_1","volume-title":"Technical Letter TL07: Andarine \u2010 Flutamide","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2051"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_72_1","volume-title":"World Anti\u2010Doping Code 2021","author":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_73_1","volume-title":"CAS 2024\/A\/10748, Award","author":"Court of Arbitration for Sport","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9081012"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_75_1","volume-title":"Certain Bodybuilding Products Put Consumers at Risk for Heart Attack, Stroke, Serious Liver Damage and More","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_76_1","unstructured":"Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Control Act of 2019 S. 2895 116th Cong.(US Government Publishing Office 2019) https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/116th\u2010congress\/senate\u2010bill\/2895."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17906"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1456"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9100251"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31486\/toj.22.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000409"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a\u20102165\u20106323"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.35094"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000370"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000518"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i16.4062"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15211"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27317"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2023.112037"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2024.102423"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2021.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001259"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.02.014"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70174","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dta.70174","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.70174","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:01:06Z","timestamp":1792803666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.70174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.70174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.70174","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"dta.70174"}}