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These efferent neurons develop at characteristic locations in the brainstem, and their axons exit the neural tube in well\u2010defined trajectories to innervate target tissues. This review is focused on a subset of cranial motor neurons called the branchiomotor neurons, which innervate muscles derived from the branchial (pharyngeal) arches. First, the organization of the branchiomotor pathways in zebrafish, chick, and mouse embryos will be compared, and the underlying axon guidance mechanisms will be addressed. Next, the molecular mechanisms that generate branchiomotor neurons and specify their identities will be discussed. Finally, the caudally directed or tangential migration of facial branchiomotor neurons will be examined. Given the advances in the characterization and analysis of vertebrate genomes, we can expect rapid progress in elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of these vital neuronal networks. Developmental Dynamics 229:143\u2013161, 2004. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.10444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,25]],"date-time":"2003-12-25T04:01:22Z","timestamp":1072324882000},"page":"143-161","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Turning heads: Development of vertebrate branchiomotor 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