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For each animal studied, we performed parallel histological and ultrastructural analyses on one gonad and RT\u2010PCR analysis on the other gonad in order to define the expression profiles of sexually regulated genes: SOX9, 3\u03b2\u2010HSD, P450 aromatase, AMH, FOXL2, and Wnt4. Light and electron microscopic examination showed that testicular cords differentiated in XX sex\u2010reversed gonads but were hypoplastic. Although the testicular cords contained gonia at the fetal stages, the germ cells had all died through apoptosis within a few weeks after birth. Ultrastructurally normal Leydig cells also differentiated, but later, and enclosed whorl\u2010like residual bodies. At the fetal stages, three of the six genes studied in the intersex gonads presented, as early as 50 dpc, a modified expression profile corresponding to an elevated expression of SOX9 and the beginning of AMH and P450 aromatase gene transcription. In addition to genes involved in the testicular pathway, the same gonads expressed FOXL2, an ovarian\u2010specific factor. The ovaries of true hermaphrodites were ineffective in ensuring correct folliculogenesis and presented abnormal expression profiles of ovarian specific genes after birth. These results indicate that the genes involved in this pathology act very early during gonadogenesis and affect the ovary\u2010differentiating pathway with variable expressivity from ovarian germ cell depletion through to trans\u2010differentiation into testicular structures. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.1194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T17:18:31Z","timestamp":1030295911000},"page":"328-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Time course of female\u2010to\u2010male sex reversal in 38,XX fetal and postnatal pigs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Eric","family":"Pailhoux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Parma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Sundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Vigier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Servel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teijo","family":"Kuopio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauri 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