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Because we found that NeuroD1 potently represses somatostatin expression in vitro, its pattern of expression was examined in both strains of mice in which lacZ has been introduced into the NeuroD1 locus by homologous recombination. Analysis of adult transgenic mice revealed that NeuroD1 is predominantly expressed in \u03b2\u2010cells and either absent or expressed below the limit of lacZ detection in mature \u03b1\u2010, \u03b4\u2010, or PP cells. Consistent with a previous report, NeuroD1 colocalizes with glucagon as well as insulin in immature islets of the newborn mouse. However, no colocalization of NeuroD1with somatostatin was detected in the newborn. In vitro, ectopic expression of NeuroD1 in TRM\u20106\/PDX\u20101, a human pancreatic \u03b4\u2010cell line, resulted in potent repression of somatostatin concomitant with induction of the \u03b2\u2010cell hormones insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide. Additionally, NeuroD1 induced expression of Nkx2.2, a transcription factor expressed in \u03b2\u2010 but not \u03b4\u2010cells. Transfection studies using insulin and somatostatin promoters confirm the ability of NeuroD1 to act as both a transcriptional repressor and activator in the same cell, suggesting a more complex role for NeuroD1 in the establishment and\/or maintenance of mature endocrine cells than has been recognized previously. Developmental Dynamics 233:946\u2013953, 2005. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,19]],"date-time":"2005-05-19T17:16:54Z","timestamp":1116523014000},"page":"946-953","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["NeuroD1 in the endocrine pancreas: Localization and dual function as an activator and 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