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Using somatic mutagenesis in the mouse, we have selectively ablated two or three retinoic acid receptors (i.e., RAR\u03b1\/RAR\u03b2, RAR\u03b1\/RAR\u03b3 and RAR\u03b1\/RAR\u03b2\/RAR\u03b3) in NCC. By rigorously analyzing these mutant mice, we found that survival and migration of NCC is normal until gestational day 10.5, suggesting that RAR\u2010dependent signaling is not intrinsically required for the early steps of NCC development. However, ablation of <jats:italic>Rara<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rarg<\/jats:italic> genes in NCC yields an agenesis of the median portion of the face, demonstrating that RAR\u03b1 and RAR\u03b3 act cell\u2010autonomously in postmigratory NCC to control the development of structures derived from the frontonasal process. In contrast, ablation of the three Rar genes in NCC leads to less severe defects of the branchial arches derived structures compared with Rar compound null mutants. Therefore, RARs exert a function in the NCC as well as in a separated cell population. This work demonstrates that RARs use distinct mechanisms to pattern cranial NCC. Developmental Dynamics 238:2701\u20132711, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,23]],"date-time":"2009-09-23T15:24:35Z","timestamp":1253719475000},"page":"2701-2711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Retinoic acid receptors exhibit cell\u2010autonomous functions in cranial neural crest cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Dup\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Pellerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.19.4613","article-title":"Fgf8 is required for pharyngeal arch and cardiovascular development in the 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