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Action potentials and Ca<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> transients were detected in \u223c50% of mouse embryo hearts at E8.5, but in all hearts at E9.0, indicating that beating typically starts between E8\u2013E9. Beating was eliminated by Ca channel blocker nifedipine and the I<jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub> blocker ZD7288, unaffected by tetrodotoxin and only mildly depressed by disabling sarcoplasmic (SR) and endoplasmic (ER) reticulum Ca cycling. From E8.5 to E10, conduction velocity increased from 0.2\u20131 mm\/s to &gt;5 mm\/s in first ventricular and then atrial tissue, while remaining slow in other areas. Arrhythmias included atrioventricular reentry induced by adenosine. In summary, at the onset of beating, I<jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\u2010dependent pacemaking drives both AP propagation and Ca<jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub> transient generation through activation of voltage\u2010dependent Ca channels. Na channels and intracellular Ca cycling have minor roles. Developmental Dynamics 239:1941\u20131949, 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,20]],"date-time":"2010-05-20T08:39:12Z","timestamp":1274344752000},"page":"1941-1949","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Atrioventricular conduction and arrhythmias at the initiation of beating in embryonic mouse hearts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Fuhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"De Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin G.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer 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