{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:55:33Z","timestamp":1791298533616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]],"date-time":"2012-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental Dynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Background: The <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> basic helix\u2010loop\u2010helix (bHLH) factor HLH\u20108, the single Twist ortholog in the nematode genome, plays important roles in mesoderm development, including M lineage patterning and differentiation of vulval and enteric muscles. HLH\u20108 cooperates with HLH\u20102, the bHLH E\/Daughterless ortholog, to regulate downstream target genes, but it is not known whether HLH\u20102 is an obligate partner for all HLH\u20108 functions. Results: Using <jats:italic>hlh\u20102<\/jats:italic> loss\u2010of\u2010function alleles and RNAi, we discovered that HLH\u20102 is required in the vulval muscles but not in M patterning or enteric muscle development. Additionally, we found that expressing tethered HLH\u20108\/HLH\u20108 dimers in <jats:italic>hlh\u20108<\/jats:italic> null animals rescued M patterning and enteric but not vulval muscle development. Conclusions: These results support a model whereby HLH\u20108\/HLH\u20108 homodimers function in M lineage patterning and enteric muscles and HLH\u20108\/HLH\u20102 heterodimers function in the M\u2010derived vulval muscles. Interestingly, the different dimers function in the same M lineage cells and the switch in dimer function coincides with vulval muscle differentiation. The use of distinct Twist dimers is evolutionarily conserved, and <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> provides a paradigm for future dissection of differential promoter regulation by these dimers at a single cell resolution. Developmental Dynamics 241:481\u2013492, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.23734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,13]],"date-time":"2012-01-13T11:56:54Z","timestamp":1326455814000},"page":"481-492","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Distinct <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i> HLH\u20108\/twist\u2010containing dimers function in the mesoderm"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"241","author":[{"given":"Mary C.","family":"Philogene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephany G.","family":"Meyers Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann 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