{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:35:35Z","timestamp":1791153335862,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]],"date-time":"2013-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental Dynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:styled-content><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:styled-content> In <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>commissureless<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>comm<\/jats:italic>) function is required for proper nerve cord development. Although comm orthologs have not been identified outside of <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> species, some insects possess orthologs of <jats:italic>Drosophila comm2<\/jats:italic>, which may also regulate embryonic nerve cord development. Here, this hypothesis is explored through characterization of <jats:italic>comm2<\/jats:italic> genes in two disease vector mosquitoes. <jats:styled-content><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:styled-content> <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> (West Nile and lymphatic filiariasis vector) has three <jats:italic>comm2<\/jats:italic> genes that are expressed in the developing nerve cord. <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> (dengue and yellow fever vector) has a single <jats:italic>comm2<\/jats:italic> gene that is expressed in commissural neurons projecting axons toward the midline. Loss of <jats:italic>comm2<\/jats:italic> function in both <jats:italic>A. aegypti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. melanogaster<\/jats:italic> was found to result in loss of commissure defects that phenocopy the <jats:italic>frazzled<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>fra<\/jats:italic>) loss of function phenotypes observed in both species. Loss of <jats:italic>fra<\/jats:italic> function in either insect was found to result in decreased <jats:italic>comm2<\/jats:italic> transcript levels during nerve cord development. <jats:styled-content><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:styled-content> The results of this investigation suggest that Fra down\u2010regulates repulsion in precrossing commissural axons by regulating <jats:italic>comm2<\/jats:italic> levels in both <jats:italic>A. aegypti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. melanogaster<\/jats:italic>, both of which require Comm2 function for proper nerve cord development. <jats:italic>Developmental Dynamics 242:1466\u20131477, 2013<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,12]],"date-time":"2013-09-12T06:04:32Z","timestamp":1378965872000},"page":"1466-1477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Requirement for commissureless2 function during dipteran insect nerve cord development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Sarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine South Bend Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longhua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanta K.","family":"Behura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erliang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Severson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine South Bend Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Duman\u2010Scheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine South Bend Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191864"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021504"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.111.126995"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"923","article-title":"GeneBee\u2010NET: Internet\u2010based server for analyzing biopolymers structure","volume":"60","author":"Brodsky LI","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Moscow)"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg500"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","unstructured":"ChoiY\u2010J.2003.Function of commissureless and related genes in Drosophila neural development. 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