{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:43:37Z","timestamp":1778028217146,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,30]],"date-time":"2014-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental Dynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:styled-content>Background:<\/jats:styled-content> Small micromeres are produced at the fifth cleavage of sea urchin development. They express markers of primordial germ cells (PGCs), and are required for the production of gametes. In most animals, PGCs migrate from sites of formation to the somatic gonad. Here, we investigated whether they also exhibit similar migratory behaviors using live\u2010cell imaging of small micromere plasma membranes. <jats:styled-content>Results:<\/jats:styled-content> Early in gastrulation, small micromeres transition from non\u2010motile epithelial cells, to motile quasi\u2010mesenchymal cells. Late in gastrulation, at 43 hr post fertilization (HPF), they are embedded in the tip of the archenteron, but remain motile. From 43\u201349 HPF, they project numerous cortical blebs into the blastocoel, and filopodia that contact ectoderm. By 54 HPF, they begin moving in the plane of the blastoderm, often in a directed fashion, towards the coelomic pouches. Isolated small micromeres also produced blebs and filopodia. <jats:styled-content>Conclusions:<\/jats:styled-content> Previous work suggested that passive translocation governs some of the movement of small micromeres during gastrulation. Here we show that small micromeres are motile cells that can traverse the archenteron, change position along the left\u2010right axis, and migrate to coelomic pouches. These motility mechanisms are likely to play an important role in their left\u2010right segregation. <jats:italic>Developmental Dynamics 243:917\u2013927, 2014<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,27]],"date-time":"2014-03-27T03:04:35Z","timestamp":1395889475000},"page":"917-927","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Migration of sea urchin primordial germ cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"243","author":[{"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Campanale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tufan","family":"G\u00f6kirmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Oulhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Brown University Providence Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Wessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Brown University Providence Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amro","family":"Hamdoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University 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