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This subfield combines experimental and developmental studies of nonhuman model organisms, biological anthropology, chordate comparative anatomy and evolution, and the study of normal and pathological human development. Instead of focusing on other organisms to try to better understand human development, evolution, anatomy, and pathology, it places humans as the central case study, i.e., as truly model organism themselves. We summarize the results of our recent Evo\u2010Devo\u2010P'Anth studies and discuss long\u2010standing questions in each of the broader biological fields combined in this subfield, paying special attention to the links between: (1) Human anomalies and variations, nonpentadactyly, homeotic transformations, and \u201c<jats:italic>nearest neighbor<\/jats:italic>\u201d vs. \u201c<jats:italic>find and seek<\/jats:italic>\u201d muscle\u2010skeleton associations in limb+facial muscles vs. other head muscles; (2) Developmental constraints, the notion of \u201cphylotypic stage,\u201d internalism vs. externalism, and the \u201c<jats:italic>logic of monsters<\/jats:italic>\u201d vs. \u201c<jats:italic>lack of homeostasis<\/jats:italic>\u201d views about human birth defects; (3) Human evolution, reversions, atavisms, paedomorphosis, and peromorphosis; (4) <jats:italic>Scala naturae<\/jats:italic>, Haeckelian recapitulation, von Baer's laws, and parallelism between phylogeny and development, here formally defined as \u201c<jats:italic>Phylo\u2010Devo parallelism<\/jats:italic>\u201d; and (5) Patau, Edwards, and Down syndrome (trisomies 13, 18, 21), atavisms, apoptosis, heart malformations, and medical implications. <jats:italic>Developmental Dynamics 244:1357\u20131374, 2015<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]],"date-time":"2015-08-21T01:40:57Z","timestamp":1440121257000},"page":"1357-1374","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Evolutionary developmental pathology and anthropology: A new field linking development, comparative anatomy, human evolution, morphological variations and defects, and medicine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"244","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Diogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington 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