{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:48:30Z","timestamp":1791485310526,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["326908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["326908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["1F32 DE022999-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F32 DE022999-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental Dynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The assembly of the upper jaw is a pivotal moment in the embryonic development of amniotes. The upper jaw forms from the fusion of the maxillary, medial nasal, and lateral nasal prominences, resulting in an intact upper lip\/beak and nasal cavities; together called the primary palate. This process of fusion requires a balance of proper facial prominence shape and positioning to avoid craniofacial clefting, whilst still accommodating the vast phenotypic diversity of adult amniotes. As such, variation in craniofacial ontogeny is not tolerated beyond certain bounds. For clarity, we discuss primary palatogenesis of amniotes into in two categories, according to whether the nasal and oral cavities remain connected throughout ontogeny or not. The transient separation of these cavities occurs in mammals and crocodilians, while remaining connected in birds, turtles and squamates. In the latter group, the craniofacial prominences fuse around a persistent choanal groove that connects the nasal and oral cavities. Subsequently, all lineages except for turtles, develop a secondary palate that ultimately completely or partially separates oral and nasal cavities. Here, we review the shared, early developmental events and highlight the points at which development diverges in both primary and secondary palate formation. <jats:italic>Developmental Dynamics 244:1457\u20131468, 2015<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,21]],"date-time":"2015-08-21T01:50:59Z","timestamp":1440121859000},"page":"1457-1468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Recent insights into the morphological diversity in the amniote primary and secondary palates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"244","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Abramyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy Marion","family":"Richman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22547"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1098095"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01526.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.19.4647"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Relative growth rates of maxillary mesenchyme in the chick embryo","volume":"8","author":"Bailey LJ","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9655-1_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2406489"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12684"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Table de d\u00e9veloppement de Chamaeleo lateralis Gray, 1831","volume":"7","author":"Blanc F","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann Embryol Morphol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31377"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.067082"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.114.2.379"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009304107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199704)208:4<526::AID-AJA8>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416386a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20724"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.20226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.117.2.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0009-9163.2004.00225.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00485.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v76i4.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology","author":"Crompton AW","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Evolution of the mammalian masticatory apparatus: the fossil record shows how mammals evolved both complex chewing mechanisms and an effective middle ear, two structures that distinguish them from reptiles","author":"Crompton AW","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00907"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","first-page":"434","volume-title":"On the origin of species","author":"Darwin C","year":"1859"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01060.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20796"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411920040010201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2933"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.21.2913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(81)90041-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02951261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.492"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-1606(89)80017-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00299258"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","unstructured":"GaffneyES.1979.Comparative cranial morphology of recent and fossil turtles. Bull AMNH. 164:article 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","unstructured":"GaffneyES.1990.The comparative osteology of the Triassic turtle Proganochelys. Bull AMNH. no. 194."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1126\/science.237.4812.289","article-title":"Modern turtle origins: the oldest known cryptodire","volume":"237","author":"Gaffney ES","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.2003.710304.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2012.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.4.1087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050610302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35288"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","volume-title":"Nasal chemical senses in reptiles: structure and function","author":"Halpern M","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050880104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337619"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The early development of morphology and patterns of the face in the human embryo","volume":"98","author":"Hinrichsen K","year":"1985","journal-title":"Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1738.1994.tb00116.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.114835"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24284"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345960750080301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi075"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-2-8178-0422-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20646"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02520"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6696-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200410000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01108.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00316300"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2517\/prpsj.7.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22594"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.1996.tb00805.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00161-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9644"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012747605-6\/50004-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","volume-title":"Biology of the reptilia","author":"Mason T","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199805)212:1<102::AID-AJA10>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20840"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2000)020[0522:SHAHDT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Cell proliferation during morphogenetic change; analysis of frontonasal morphogenesis in the chick embryo employing DNA labeling indices","volume":"40","author":"Minkoff R","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Cell proliferation and cell density of mesenchyme in the maxillary process and adjacent regions during facial development in the chick embryo","volume":"46","author":"Minkoff R","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","first-page":"2643","article-title":"Palatal seam disintegration: to die or not to die?","volume":"237","author":"Nawshad A","year":"2008","journal-title":"that is no longer the question. Dev Dyn"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-86659-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11794"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092100313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21335"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317957"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1997.0238"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of an international symposium","author":"Pruzansky S","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10448"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092380112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401080304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","volume-title":"Sturkie's avian physiology","author":"Scanes CG","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1444795"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)88953-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20182"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411950060030301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90071-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3415"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.037440"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195139068.003.0001","volume-title":"Cleft lip and palate: from origin to treatment","author":"Sperber GH","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9946"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2009.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001650308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"Facial and visceral arch development in the mouse embryo: a study by scanning electron microscopy","volume":"124","author":"Tamarin A","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2012.01752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420010106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10487"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.168.1.1","article-title":"The mechanism of tongue projection in chameleons: I. Electromyographic tests of functional hypotheses","volume":"168","author":"Wainwright PC","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.168.1.23","article-title":"The mechanism of tongue projection in chameleons: II. Role of shape change in a muscular hydrostat","volume":"168","author":"Wainwright PC","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Deficient and delayed primary palatal fusion and mesenchymal bridge formation in cleft lip\u2010liable strains of mice","volume":"15","author":"Wang KY","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(06)60002-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_1","unstructured":"WynekenJ WitheringtonD.2001. The anatomy of sea turtles. Southeast Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration US Department of Commerce."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.099994"}],"container-title":["Developmental Dynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdvdy.24338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dvdy.24338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T07:45:05Z","timestamp":1760341505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dvdy.24338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dvdy.24338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dvdy.24338","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-8388","1097-0177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-8388","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]}}}