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However, the local signals that influence postmigratory, neural crest\u2010derived mesenchyme also play a major role in patterning the skeleton. Here, we study the role of BMP signaling in regulating the fate of chondro\u2010osteoprogenitor cells in the face. <jats:bold><jats:styled-content>Results<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:bold>: A single Noggin\u2010soaked bead inserted into stage 15 chicken embryos induced an ectopic cartilage resembling the interorbital septum within the palate and other midline structures. In contrast, the same treatment in stage 20 embryos caused a loss of bones. The molecular basis for the stage\u2010specific response to Noggin lay in the simultaneous up\u2010regulation of <jats:italic>SOX9<\/jats:italic> and downregulation of <jats:italic>RUNX2<\/jats:italic> in the maxillary mesenchyme, increased cell adhesiveness as shown by N\u2010cadherin induction around the beads and increased RA pathway gene expression. None of these changes were observed in stage 20 embryos. <jats:bold><jats:styled-content>Conclusions<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:bold>: These experiments demonstrate how slight changes in expression of growth factors such as BMPs could lead to gain or loss of cartilage in the upper jaw during vertebrate evolution. In addition, BMPs have at least two roles: one in patterning the skull and another in regulating the skeletogenic fates of neural crest\u2010derived mesenchyme. <jats:italic>Developmental Dynamics 245:947\u2013962, 2016<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,6]],"date-time":"2016-06-06T04:22:44Z","timestamp":1465186964000},"page":"947-962","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["BMP signaling regulates the fate of chondro\u2010osteoprogenitor cells in facial mesenchyme in a stage\u2010specific manner"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"245","author":[{"given":"Petra","family":"Cel\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Biology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech 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