{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:56:35Z","timestamp":1792288595068,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,23]],"date-time":"2017-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15 DE025960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15 DE025960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM103507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental Dynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:styled-content><jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold><\/jats:styled-content>: Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, has been demonstrated to be important for growth and branching morphogenesis of mammalian embryonic salivary gland epithelium. However, it is not known whether RA functions directly within epithelial cells or in associated tissues that influence morphogenesis of salivary epithelium. Moreover, downstream targets of RA regulation have not been identified. <jats:bold><jats:styled-content>Results<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:bold>: Here, we show that canonical RA signaling occurs in multiple tissues of embryonic mouse salivary glands, including epithelium, associated parasympathetic ganglion neurons, and nonneuronal mesenchyme. By culturing epithelium explants in isolation from other tissues, we demonstrate that RA influences epithelium morphogenesis by direct action in that tissue. Moreover, we demonstrate that inhibition of RA signaling represses cell proliferation and expression of FGF10 signaling targets, and upregulates expression of basal epithelial keratins <jats:italic>Krt5<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Krt14<\/jats:italic>. Importantly, we show that the stem cell gene <jats:italic>Kit<\/jats:italic> is regulated inversely from <jats:italic>Krt5<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Krt14<\/jats:italic> by RA signaling. <jats:bold><jats:styled-content>Conclusions<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:bold>: RA regulates <jats:italic>Krt5<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Krt14<\/jats:italic> expression independently of stem cell character in developing salivary epithelium. RA, or chemical inhibitors of RA signaling, could potentially be used for modulating growth and differentiation of epithelial stem cells for the purpose of re\u2010populating damaged glands or generating bioengineered organs. <jats:italic>Developmental Dynamics 246:135\u2013147, 2017<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T17:56:43Z","timestamp":1480010203000},"page":"135-147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Retinoic acid signaling regulates <i>Krt5<\/i> and <i>Krt14<\/i> independently of stem cell markers in submandibular salivary gland epithelium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"246","author":[{"given":"Timur M.","family":"Abashev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Metzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana M.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1735-8223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa L.","family":"Sandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e10-08-0703","article-title":"Novel function of keratins 5 and 14 in proliferation and differentiation of stratified epithelial cells","volume":"22","author":"Alam H","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.02.013","article-title":"Salivary gland homeostasis is maintained through acinar cell self\u2010duplication","volume":"33","author":"Aure MH","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010547108","article-title":"Transient retinoic acid signaling confers anterior\u2010posterior polarity to the inner ear","volume":"108","author":"Bok 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