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The independent evolution of direct development from the ancestral biphasic life history in frogs is such a case of parallel evolution. In frogs, aquatic larvae (tadpoles) differ profoundly from their adult forms and exhibit a stunning diversity regarding their habitats, morphology and feeding behaviors. The transition from the tadpole to the adult is a climactic, thyroid hormone (TH)\u2010dependent process of profound and fast morphological rearrangement called metamorphosis. One of the organ systems that experiences the most comprehensive metamorphic rearrangements is the skin. Direct\u2010developing frogs lack a free\u2010swimming tadpole and hatch from terrestrial eggs as fully formed froglets. In the few species examined, development is characterized by the condensed and transient formation of some tadpole\u2010specific features and the early formation of adult\u2010specific features during a \u201ccryptic\u201d metamorphosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We show that skin in direct\u2010developing African squeaker frogs (\n                      <jats:italic>Arthroleptis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is also repatterned from a tadpole\u2010like to an adult\u2010like histology during a cryptic metamorphosis. This repatterning correlates with histological thyroid gland maturation. A comparison with data from the Puerto Rican coqui (\n                      <jats:italic>Eleutherodactylus coqui<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) reveals that the evolution of direct development in these frogs is associated with a comparable heterochronic shift of thyroid gland maturation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This suggests that the development of many adult features is still dependent on, and possibly constrained by, the ancestral dependency on thyroid hormone signaling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T06:07:20Z","timestamp":1608790040000},"page":"584-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Parallel evolution of direct development in frogs \u2010 Skin and thyroid gland development in African Squeaker Frogs (Anura: Arthroleptidae:\n                    <i>Arthroleptis<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"250","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0970-2431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Naumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Schweiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg U.","family":"Hammel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz\u2010Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum f\u00fcr Material\u2010 und K\u00fcstenforschung, Au\u00dfenstelle am 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