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Teeth constituting the first functional dentition in small\u2010sized teleost fish, such as medaka (<jats:italic>Oryzias latipes<\/jats:italic>), are examples of such miniature organs. With a dentin cone as small as the size of one human cell, or even smaller, these teeth raise the question how many dentin\u2010producing cells (odontoblasts) are required to build such a tooth, and whether this number can be as little as one.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on detailed observations with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and TEM\u2010based 3D\u2010reconstructions, we show that only one mesenchymal cell qualifies as a true odontoblast. A second mesenchymal cell potentially participates in dentin formation, but only at a late stage of tooth development. Moreover, the fate of these cells appears to be specified very early during tooth development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our observations indicate that in this system, one single odontoblast fulfills roles normally exerted by a large and communicating cell population. First\u2010generation teeth in medaka thus provide an exciting model to study integration of multiple functions into a single cell.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:06:00Z","timestamp":1610755560000},"page":"1021-1035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Miniaturization: How many cells are needed to build a tooth?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"250","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1700-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Larionova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Biology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Lesot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Biology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Huysseune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Biology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.24.110193.002441"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00938.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80799-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020924"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a019240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2018.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-006-0306-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-8166(97)80044-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119635109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc1950.41.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1987.tb01553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dft085"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Growth of the Medaka (VI) \u2013 development of Oral skeletons and teeth during metamorphosis","volume":"67","author":"Iwamatsu T","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull Aichi Univ Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"Development of the anterior part of the mandible and the mandibular dentition in two species of Cichlidae (Teleostei)","volume":"14","author":"Huysseune A","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cybium"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2014.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345670460042201"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-1036-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2006.00084.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051750302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092330304"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Odontoblast differentiation","volume":"39","author":"Ruch JV","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DVDY1069>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Developmental Biology","author":"Barresi MJF","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Mouse molar morphogenesis revisited by three\u2010dimensional reconstruction. 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