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Birds are excellent models in which to study the epigenetic mechanisms that facilitate these adaptions. Patients suffering from <jats:italic>SATB2<\/jats:italic> mutations exhibit multiple defects including ectodermal dysplasia\u2010like changes. The preferential expression of SATB2, a chromatin regulator, in feather\u2010forming compared to scale\u2010forming regions, suggests it functions in regional specification of chicken skin appendages by acting on either differentiation or morphogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrovirus mediated SATB2 misexpression in developing feathers, beaks, and claws causes epidermal differentiation abnormalities (e.g. knobs, plaques) with few organ morphology alterations. Chicken \u03b2\u2010keratins are encoded in 5 sub\u2010clusters (<jats:italic>Claw<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Feather<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Feather\u2010like<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Scale<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Keratinocyte<\/jats:italic>) on Chromosome 25 and a large <jats:italic>Feather keratin<\/jats:italic> cluster on Chromosome 27. Type I and II \u03b1\u2010keratin clusters are located on Chromosomes 27 and 33, respectively. Transcriptome analyses showed these keratins (1) are often tuned up or down collectively as a sub\u2010cluster, and (2) these changes occur in a temporo\u2010spatial specific manner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest an organizing role of SATB2 in cluster\u2010level gene co\u2010regulation during skin regional specification.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T03:29:46Z","timestamp":1625801386000},"page":"1490-1508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Regional specific differentiation of integumentary organs: <scp>SATB2<\/scp> is involved in \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b2\u2010keratin gene cluster switching in the chicken"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"251","author":[{"given":"Gee\u2010Way","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Chen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University and Hospital, China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih\u2010Kuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"The IEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung\u2010Chih","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University and Hospital, China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting\u2010Xin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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