{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:52:35Z","timestamp":1790473955049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DE019638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DE019638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03 DE028984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03 DE028984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Dynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Asymmetries in craniofacial anomalies are commonly observed. In the facial skeleton, the left side is more commonly and\/or severely affected than the right. Such asymmetries complicate treatment options. Mechanisms underlying variation in disease severity between individuals as well as within individuals (asymmetries) are still relatively unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Developmental reductions in fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) have a dosage dependent effect on jaw size, shape, and symmetry. Further,\n                      <jats:italic>Fgf8<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants have directionally asymmetric jaws with the left side being more affected than the right. Defects in lower jaw development begin with disruption to Meckel's cartilage, which is discontinuous. All skeletal elements associated with the proximal condensation are dysmorphic, exemplified by a malformed and misoriented malleus. At later stages,\n                      <jats:italic>Fgf8<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants exhibit syngnathia, which falls into two broad categories: bony fusion of the maxillary and mandibular alveolar ridges and zygomatico\u2010mandibular fusion. All of these morphological defects exhibit both inter\u2010 and intra\u2010specimen variation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We hypothesize that these asymmetries are linked to heart development resulting in higher levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Fgf8<\/jats:italic>\n                      on the right side of the face, which may buffer the right side to developmental perturbations. This mouse model may facilitate future investigations of mechanisms underlying human syngnathia and facial asymmetry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T22:18:55Z","timestamp":1653603535000},"page":"1711-1727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["<i>Fgf8<\/i>\n                    dosage regulates jaw shape and symmetry through pharyngeal\u2010cardiac tissue relationships"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"251","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Zbasnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Massachusetts Lowell  Lowell Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences 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