{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:57:11Z","timestamp":1760403431522,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Dynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inhibitors of DNA binding (ID) proteins mainly inhibit gene expression and regulate cell fate decisions by interacting with E\u2010proteins. All four ID proteins (ID1\u20134) are present in the testis, and ID4 has a particularly important role in spermatogonial stem cell fate determination. Several lines of evidence indicate that ID proteins are involved in meiosis; however, functional experiments have not been conducted to validate this observation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we report that ID2 is enriched in spermatocytes and that forced ID2 expression in germ cells causes defects in spermatogenesis. A detailed analysis demonstrated that <jats:italic>Id2<\/jats:italic> overexpression (<jats:italic>Id2<\/jats:italic> OE) decreased the total number of spermatogonia and changed the dynamics of meiosis progression. Specifically, spermatocytes were enriched in the zygotene stage, and the proportion of pachytene spermatocytes was significantly decreased, indicating defects in the zygotene\u2013pachytene transition. The number of MLH1\u2010positive foci per cell was decreased in pachytene spermatocytes from <jats:italic>Id2<\/jats:italic> OE testes, suggesting abnormalities in recombination. Transcriptome analysis revealed that forced <jats:italic>Id2<\/jats:italic> expression changed the expression of a list of genes mainly associated with meiosis and spermatid development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>ID2 protein is expressed in spermatocytes, and its genetic ablation in the germline does not affect spermatogenesis, likely due to genetic compensation of its family members. However, forced <jats:italic>Id2<\/jats:italic> expression changes meiosis progression and causes defects in spermiogenesis. These data provide important evidence that ID proteins play pivotal roles in male meiosis and spermatid development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T10:05:52Z","timestamp":1702029952000},"page":"593-605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Elevated <scp><i>Id2<\/i><\/scp> expression causes defective meiosis and spermatogenesis in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"253","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Xining Qinghai China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing 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