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A combination of ancient and novel features related to dental and oropharyngeal apparatuses is found in extant lineages of non\u2010teleost fishes, such as the gars. While relevant to evolutionary\u2010developmental studies, gars have largely been overlooked regarding how their dentition arises, thus leaving our comprehension of the evolutionary history of vertebrate dentitions incomplete.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we complement this knowledge gap by studying dental development in the tropical gar, <jats:italic>Atractosteus tropicus<\/jats:italic>. We follow ontogenetic changes from the initiation, tooth germ addition to the establishment of the larval replacing dentition. We pay attention to the progressive appearance of tooth fields, the emergence of dental patterns, the development of folded dentin morphology, and features related to tooth resorption and replacement. Furthermore, we identify snout elongation as the critical period when the general dentition layout becomes established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study depicts the gar oropharyngeal apparatus as a system that is established based on patterned initiation, differential growth, replacement, and complex shaping of teeth. These features form a reference standpoint for the likely developmental processes employed in dentitions of fossil stem and crown bony vertebrates, including ray\u2010finned fishes and tetrapods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.70055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T01:30:41Z","timestamp":1750383041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dental development in the tropical gar (<scp><i>Atractosteus tropicus<\/i><\/scp>) and the evolution of vertebrate dentitions"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8252-0709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pospisilova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3740-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Stundl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology  Pasadena California USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology University of South Bohemia in \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice  Vod\u0148any Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8025-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenin","family":"Arias\u2010Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidad Ju\u00e1rez Aut\u00f3noma de Tabasco  Villahermosa Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0022-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Cerny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1914-283X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Soukup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2009.05.543"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2958"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3526"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpae028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp0474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2013.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.102023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11706\u2010009\u20100030\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441\u2010011\u20101305\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207.2014.902450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1974.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"80","volume-title":"Comparative Odontology","author":"Peyer B","year":"1968"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy. 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