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PRDM16 is a transcriptional regulator containing both zinc\u2010finger and SET domains, implicated in craniofacial development and orofacial clefting, but its role in cranial sensory ganglion formation has not been defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic>prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                      is required for trigeminal ganglion (TG) assembly and sensory neurogenesis from cranial neural crest lineages. In zebrafish,\n                      <jats:italic>prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                      is highly expressed in TG and\n                      <jats:italic>sox10\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive neural crest cells, beginning by 18\u2009h post fertilization (hpf) and persists through the later developmental stage at 48 hpf. Similarly,\n                      <jats:italic>Prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression is also found in the mouse TG neurons at embryonic day (E) 18.5. In the\n                      <jats:italic>prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                      loss\u2010of\u2010function zebrafish, fewer HuC+ TG neurons are present at 24 hpf and 48 hpf, resulting in reduced overall ganglion volume and area. Live imaging in Tg(\n                      <jats:italic>sox10<\/jats:italic>\n                      :mRFP;\n                      <jats:italic>elavl3<\/jats:italic>\n                      :GFP) embryos demonstrates that similar numbers of\n                      <jats:italic>sox10<\/jats:italic>\n                      + cNCCs migrate to the TG region in wildtype and mutants; however, reduced trigeminal ganglion cell numbers and area are observed in\n                      <jats:italic>prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212\/\u2212. Acetylated \u03b2\u2010tubulin immunostaining shows fewer trigeminal axon projections early and an altered projection pattern by 48 hpf.\n                      <jats:italic>p2rx3b<\/jats:italic>\n                      + defined sensory neuron population displayed reduced signal intensity and decreased cell number in\n                      <jats:italic>prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212\/\u2212 TG. Transcriptomic analysis of FACS\u2010isolated\n                      <jats:italic>sox10<\/jats:italic>\n                      + cranial neural crest cells shows reduced expression of key neurogenic and sensory lineage genes. Finally, the role of PRDM16 in trigeminal neurogenesis is conserved across vertebrates:\n                      <jats:italic>Prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>csp1\/csp1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mutant mouse embryos also exhibited reduced TG mediolateral diameter, overall area, and fewer HuC+ neurons at E18.5 compared to control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these data identify Prdm16 as a conserved regulator of trigeminal ganglion growth and sensory neuron differentiation, linking PRDM\u2010family of chromatin regulators to the development of the peripheral sensory nervous system.<\/jats:p>\n                  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