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The axolotl, a neotenic salamander, has become the model organism for regeneration research. Great advances have been made providing a detailed understanding of the morphological and molecular processes involved in limb regeneration. However, it remains largely unknown how limb regeneration varies across salamanders and how factors like variable life histories, ecologies, and limb functions have influenced and shaped regenerative capacities throughout evolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study focuses on six species of plethodontid salamanders representing distinct life histories and habitats. Specimens were examined for regeneration ability after bite injuries as well as after controlled amputations. Morphological investigations revealed great regenerative abilities in all investigated species and frequent anatomical limb anomalies. Correlations were observed with respect to speed of regeneration and habitat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Investigating regeneration in non\u2010model salamander taxa is essential for disentangling shared features of the regeneration process versus those that may be more taxon\u2010specific. Gaining insights into variable aspects of regeneration under natural conditions and after conspecific biting rather than controlled amputations adds important new datapoints for understanding the evolutionary framework of regeneration and provides a broader context for interpreting findings made in the model organism axolotl.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:35:12Z","timestamp":1741754112000},"page":"396-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of life history strategies and habitats on limb regeneration in plethodontid salamanders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"254","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3402-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivien","family":"Bothe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Berlin Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biology Humboldt University Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6764-7376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentralmagazin Naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen Martin\u2010Luther\u2010Universit\u00e4t Halle\u2010Wittenberg  Halle (Saale) Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Shubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismal Biology &amp; Anatomy The University of Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1019-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Fr\u00f6bisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Berlin Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biology Humboldt University Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521\u20101878(200006)22:6<578::AID\u2010BIES11>3.0.CO;2\u2010%23"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2003.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Tetrapod limb regeneration","author":"Gardiner DM","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wdev.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9667"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"A comparison of regeneration rates and metamorphosis in Triturus and Amblystoma","volume":"10","author":"Goodwin PA","year":"1946","journal-title":"Growth"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401960212"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Anomalies of limb regeneration in the adult salamander, Ambystoma annulatum","volume":"31","author":"Young HE","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Arkansas Acad Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Vertebrate limb regeneration","author":"Wallace H","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092060308"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Biology of the Reptilia","author":"Bellairs DA","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/azo.12416"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.7.3.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.12.4.769"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"SimpsonSJr.An analysis of tail regeneration in the lizardLygosoma laterale. 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