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In vertebrate chordates, insulin is mainly produced by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas, while in non\u2010chordate animals insulin\u2010producing cells are mainly found in the nervous system and\/or scattered along the digestive tract. However, recent studies have indicated the notochord, the defining feature of the chordate phylum, as an additional site of expression of insulin\u2010like peptides. Here we show that two of the three <jats:italic>insulin\u2010like<\/jats:italic> genes identified in <jats:italic>Ciona intestinalis<\/jats:italic>, an invertebrate chordate with a dual life cycle, are first expressed in the developing notochord during embryogenesis and transition to distinct areas of the adult digestive tract after metamorphosis. In addition, we present data suggesting that the transcription factor <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic> Brachyury is involved in the control of notochord expression of at least one of these genes, <jats:italic>Ciona insulin\u2010like 2<\/jats:italic>. Finally, we review the information currently available on insulin\u2010producing cells in ascidians and on pancreas\u2010related transcription factors that might control their expression. genesis 53:82\u2013104, 2015. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.22832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,6]],"date-time":"2014-11-06T05:52:04Z","timestamp":1415253124000},"page":"82-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>Insulin\u2010like<\/i> genes in ascidians: Findings in <scp><i>C<\/i><\/scp><i>iona<\/i> and hypotheses on the evolutionary origins of the pancreas"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Jordan M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Weill Medical College of Cornell University 1300 York Avenue New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Di 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