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IUGR is observed in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) fetuses as a result of alcohol (ethanol) exposure during pregnancy. To further understand FAS, the severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, we performed an extensive quantitative analysis of the effects of ethanol on embryo size utilizing our <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> model. Ethanol\u2010treated embryos exhibited size reduction along the anterior\u2013posterior axis. This effect was evident primarily from the hindbrain caudally, while rostral regions appeared refractive to ethanol\u2010induced size changes, also known as asymmetric IUGR. Interestingly, some embryo batches in addition to shortening from the hindbrain caudally also exhibited an alcohol\u2010dependent reduction of the anterior head domain, known as symmetric IUGR. To study the connection between ethanol exposure and reduced retinoic acid levels we treated embryos with the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors, DEAB and citral. Inhibition of retinoic acid biosynthesis recapitulated the growth defects induced by ethanol affecting mainly axial elongation from the hindbrain caudally. To study the competition between ethanol clearance and retinoic acid biosynthesis we demonstrated that, co\u2010exposure to alcohol reduces the teratogenic effects of treatment with retinol (vitamin A), the retinoic acid precursor. These results further support the role of retinoic acid in the regulation of axial elongation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.23284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T16:53:16Z","timestamp":1548348796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Retinoic acid signaling reduction recapitulates the effects of alcohol on embryo size"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Shukrun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Institute for Medical Research Israel\u2010Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yehuda","family":"Shabtai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Institute for Medical Research 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